A journey into the microstructure: Using a multifocal 3D digital light microscope to study archaeological artefacts retrieved from shipwrecks

Ashkenazi, D.; Cvikel, Deborah

doi:10.1016/j.daach.2019.e00129

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The copper fastenings used in the construction of the boat were well preserved, but were covered with green, turquoise, yellow, brown and black minerals, which indicates a long-term corrosion process. The different corrosion products observed on the external surface of the copper fastenings can be assessed by the surface composition [41]. For example, the green and turquoise minerals may be brochantite cupric sulphates, or paratacamite [58, p. 401].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, light elements, such as carbon and oxygen, could not be detected with this XRF machine, due to instrumental limitations. (e) A multifocal 3D digital light microscope (LM) with high intensity LED lighting and an improved light sensitivity sensor at high resolution HD (1920 × 1200), displaying high pixel density and low image noise, with an auto-focus and multi-focus system was used to detect microscopic level discontinuities and defects, as well as to examine the general conservation of the surface [41]. This instrument contains powerful software and encoded optics designed for the avoidance of human errors by automatically using the correct lens.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Nineteenth-Century Molyneux’s Boat: Archaeometallurgical Perspective of its Metal Fastenings

Bram

Iddan

Ashkenazi

et al. 2020

Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal.

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The 4.4-m-long vessel designated as Molyneux's boat was built in England in 1836. During its conservation in 2008, metal fastenings were retrieved, and 12 of them were examined by XRF, metallographic and multifocal light microscopy, microindentation hardness measurement and SEM-EDS analysis. The results show the use of manufacturing techniques developed at different times: the copper fastenings were made by traditional methods-intensive hammering to their final shape followed by annealing; the screws and nuts were made of brass containing ~ 36 wt% Zn and were probably a post-1848 product; and the bolt was made of low-carbon steel (produced by the Bessemer process) and shaped by plastic deformation, perhaps through a thread-rolling process. The bolt was galvanized, thus most probably manufactured after 1856. It appears that the boat was originally built using copper fastenings, and some of which were replaced by galvanized bolts and brass screws during minor refitting.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nineteenth-Century Molyneux’s Boat: Archaeometallurgical Perspective of its Metal Fastenings

Bram

Iddan

Ashkenazi

et al. 2020

Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Phase identification from the XRD results was done by using International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) databases and Pearson's handbook with the assistance of a PowderCell program for powder pattern calculation [48,56]. (f) HIROX RH-2000 digital 3D multi-focal light microscope (LM) (HIROX Company, Tokyo, Japan), equipped with different optical lenses, a high-intensity LED lighting source, and powerful 3D software, was used to characterize the specimens' general surface quality before and after coating and to identify microscopic discontinuities and defects [43,57]. (g) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis were performed with an ESEM FEI Quanta 200 FEG instrument (FEI Company, Hillsboro, OR, USA) in the high vacuum mode, before and after the electroless coating.…”

Section: Characterization Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gold, Silver, and Electrum Electroless Plating on Additively Manufactured Laser Powder-Bed Fusion AlSi10Mg Parts: A Review

et al. 2021

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Additive manufacturing (AM) revolutionary technologies open new opportunities and challenges. They allow low-cost manufacturing of parts with complex geometries and short time-to-market of products that can be exclusively customized. Additive manufactured parts often need post-printing surface modification. This study aims to review novel environmental-friendly surface finishing process of 3D-printed AlSi10Mg parts by electroless deposition of gold, silver, and gold–silver alloy (e.g., electrum) and to propose a full process methodology suitable for effective metallization. This deposition technique is simple and low cost method, allowing the metallization of both conductive and insulating materials. The AlSi10Mg parts were produced by the additive manufacturing laser powder bed fusion (AM-LPBF) process. Gold, silver, and their alloys were chosen as coatings due to their esthetic appearance, good corrosion resistance, and excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. The metals were deposited on 3D-printed disk-shaped specimens at 80 and 90 °C using a dedicated surface activation method where special functionalization of the printed AlSi10Mg was performed to assure a uniform catalytic surface yielding a good adhesion of the deposited metal to the substrate. Various methods were used to examine the coating quality, including light microscopy, optical profilometry, XRD, X-ray fluorescence, SEM–energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), focused ion beam (FIB)-SEM, and XPS analyses. The results indicate that the developed coatings yield satisfactory quality, and the suggested surface finishing process can be used for many AM products and applications.

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“…(a) Visual testing (VT) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method that enables immediate determination of the general condition of the object and the detection of visible macroscopic details [13,17]. VT surface observation of the tiles detects visible details, including defects that may hint at their manufacturing process.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although it facilitates the observation of the morphology and colors of numerous oxides, minerals, and corrosion products in the microscopic level, it is not an analytical tool [17]. The system has various modular lenses: The MXB-2016Z lens has a magnification of 6-320×, with a field of view of 15.4-2.0 mm (by using several adapters), the MXB-2500REZ lens includes a triple objective turret, and has a magnification of 35-250× for a field of view of 8.71-1.22 mm, and a magnification of 350-2500× for a field of view of 0.87-0.12 mm, and the MXB-10C includes several exchangeable objective lenses with a magnification range of 35-7000× for a field of view of 9.83-0.03 mm [17]. (c) Raman spectroscopy is a NDT analytical method with a small spot size and high spectral resolution.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Tale of Two Tiles: Characterization of Floor Tiles from the Nineteenth-Century Akko Tower Shipwreck (Israel)

et al. 2020

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Fragments of decorated floor tiles were retrieved from the Akko Tower shipwreck, Israel. Most tiles were made of bright brown fired clay with a white glaze decorated with colored stenciled motifs (Type A); and others consisted of a red-brown fired clay body, coated with a brown pigment covered with transparent brown glaze (Type B). This study aimed to characterize the two tile types; to reveal information concerning the manufacturing process; and to determine the origin of their raw material. A multidisciplinary approach was used, including light microscopy, SEM-EDS, electron probe microanalysis with wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EPMA-WDS), XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) analyses. The characterization of both tile types demonstrated the use of different raw materials. The Type A tiles were covered with tin-opacified majolica glaze and colored with various mixtures of pigments. The blue color was due to pigment rich in cobalt; the yellow color was due to Naples yellow and lead-tin yellow I minerals; and the green, orange, and brown colors were all prepared by mixing the Naples yellow pigment with different minerals. These majolica glaze tiles were probably manufactured in Sicily. The brown coating of the Type B tiles was due to pigment rich in lead and iron minerals. These tiles were produced with different manufacturing processes, and apparently made in France.

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A journey into the microstructure: Using a multifocal 3D digital light microscope to study archaeological artefacts retrieved from shipwrecks

Cited by 7 publications

References 30 publications

The Nineteenth-Century Molyneux’s Boat: Archaeometallurgical Perspective of its Metal Fastenings

The Nineteenth-Century Molyneux’s Boat: Archaeometallurgical Perspective of its Metal Fastenings

Gold, Silver, and Electrum Electroless Plating on Additively Manufactured Laser Powder-Bed Fusion AlSi10Mg Parts: A Review

A Tale of Two Tiles: Characterization of Floor Tiles from the Nineteenth-Century Akko Tower Shipwreck (Israel)

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