A jack-of-all-trades: 2-mercaptosuccinic acid

Abstract

2-Mercaptosuccinic acid (MS) is an important and versatile substance for diverse fields of applications of which the most significant are surveyed in this article. Biological, chemical, and physical properties of MS as well as the knowledge of its synthesis and microbial degradation are illustrated. In addition, exemplary structural analogs of the organic sulfur compound are commented. The key application of MS in nanotechnology is discussed in detail with particular emphasis on quantum dots (nanocrystals) and self-assembled monolayers in combination with gold or silver. Furthermore, some medical and pharmaceutical applications are given, inter alia in bioimaging, as a nanocarrier, and with regard to the antimicrobial activity of MS-silver and MS-gold nanoparticles. Moreover, biological and chemical applications of MS are exemplified: the thiol compound can serve as an inhibitor for glutathione peroxidase, or the toxicity of substances can be increased due to the presence of MS in the respective cells or tissues. In the field of cosmetics, MS is widely utilized as a reducing agent for numerous products as explained in this article. Additionally, the microbial utilization of MS as a carbon and energy source for growth is elucidated in-depth, providing insight into different catabolic mechanisms.

Quantification and biodegradability assessment of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid adsorbed on iron oxide nanoparticles

“…74 Microbial conversion of mercaptosuccinic acid, which is structurally similar to DMSA, but has only one –SH functional group, has been reported in the literature. 75 This supports the prediction made by the biodegradability model.…”

Serological Evaluation of Immunity to the Varicella-Zoster Virus Based on a Novel Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

“…In this study, the baculovirus or E. coli expression system was used to express the extracellular domains of VZV membrane proteins. Considering gE is an essential and most abundant membrane protein, the baculovirus expression system was used to express the extracellular domain of gE (rgE) similar to the published article 28 41 . The results showed that the rgE antigen could elicit plenty of antibodies recognizing linear or conformational epitopes locate on native gE, and neutralizing mAbs used in this study were obtained from rgE immunized mice.…”

“…1B11 was identified as a gE mAb bound to gE residues 140–330, and 8H6 was identified as a ORF9 mAb bound to ORF9 residues 81–135. VZV gE is the major and most immunogenic membrane protein; some gE-specific mAbs have been obtained, and some epitopes had been identified 29 41 42 . The residues 140–330 of gE recognized by 1B11 partly cover the residues 1–134 and 101–161 of gE that were previously identified as immunodominant regions in published literature 29 .…”

“…A fragment of glycoprotein E (rgE, 1–537aa, GenBank No. AAY57748) fused to a His tag was expressed by following the protocol of the Bac-to-Bac system (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) as previous report 28 41 . Other membrane protein fragments and ORF9 were expressed using an Escherichia coli (E. coli ) expression system.…”

Proteomic analysis of organic sulfur compound utilisation in Advenella mimigardefordensis strain DPN7T

“…it acts as reducing agent due to the two carboxylic groups and as it is a thiol derivative, it can be used as a capping agent in nanoparticle production [ 17 ]. Furthermore, MS forms metal chelates with different metal ions [ 18 , 19 ], and it can act as a mono-, bi- or tridentate ligand since it possesses a thiol group as well as two carboxylic groups [ 20 ].…”