Herein, the BiVO4/α, β‐Bi2O3 nanofibers with moderate amounts of BiVO4 nanoparticles (1‐5 wt%) were successfully fabricated by combining electrospinning and hydrothermal method. The microstructure and properties of the prepared samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, ultraviolet‐visible diffuse reflection, and photocurrent measurement. The results show that BiVO4 had a substantial effect on the formation of β‐Bi2O3 and the structure of the nanofibers. From the photocatalytic test results, it can be inferred that the RhB degradation efficiencies of pure BiVO4 and α‐Bi2O3 were lower than those of the composites considered in this study. The samples with a BiVO4 content of 3 wt% displayed the best photocatalytic activity for RhB (the degradation efficiency of RhB and Tc was 96.1% and 77.1%, respectively) compared to that of other samples considered in this study. The reactive species in the photocatalytic process were also studied, and it was found that the O2•− play a leading role in this process. In addition, the two‐step formation mechanism and the carries transmission mechanism of the composite nanofibers were constructed. This work provides a valuable reference for future research and design of high‐performance photocatalysts.