A hypoxia-activated near infrared fluorescent probe for cyclooxygenase-2 and in vivo imaging for tumor and inflammation

Novel Strategy for Validating the Existence and Mechanism of the “Gut–Liver Axis” in Vivo by a Hypoxia-Sensitive NIR Fluorescent Probe

“…The results well confirm the feasibility of probe Cy-AP to respond to hypoxia in living cells. In addition, the fluorescence response of the probe to hypoxia in four cells was examined at different time points (15,30,45, and 60 min). From Figure 2C, the fluorescence intensity gradually increases as time goes on.…”

“…21−28 Moreover, some probes were applied in the diagnosis or treatment of diseases including tumor, inflammation, and thrombus related to hypoxia. 29−31 For example, the Zhu group 30 reported that a fluorescent probe based on Cy 5.5 dye was successfully applied in detecting hypoxia in a tumor xenograft model and mouse inflammation model. The Chen group 31 hypoxia detection to investigate liver fibrosis affected by the "gut−liver axis".…”

“…Hypoxia, an inadequate supply of oxygen, usually occurs in solid tumors, and it is considered to be a typical characteristic of many inflammatory diseases including ulcerative colitis and liver fibrosis . Actually, many methods for detecting hypoxia have been reported and applied in actual detection. − Among them, the fluorescence method has attracted much attention owing to its outstanding advantages such as high sensitivity, real-time detection, and high spatial resolution imaging in live samples. − A good deal of fluorescent probes for hypoxia with outstanding properties have been reported recently. − Moreover, some probes were applied in the diagnosis or treatment of diseases including tumor, inflammation, and thrombus related to hypoxia. − For example, the Zhu group reported that a fluorescent probe based on Cy 5.5 dye was successfully applied in detecting hypoxia in a tumor xenograft model and mouse inflammation model. The Chen group have developed an effective cyanine-based fluorescent probe to image hypoxia in tumor-bearing mouse, cerebral ischemia, and deep vein thrombosis models whereas there is no fluorescent probe for hypoxia detection to investigate liver fibrosis affected by the “gut–liver axis”.…”

Aza-BODIPY probe for selective visualization of cyclooxygenase-2 in cancer cells

“…[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Therefore, COX-2 has been considered as a promising target for tumor-specic target-based therapeutics. 6,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18] In the past decades, some uorescence-based COX-2-targeting probes have been developed, [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] however, COX-2-specic cancer biomarker development is still needed for clinical use.…”

Hypoxia-Activated Anticancer Prodrug for Bioimaging, Tracking Drug Release, and Anticancer Application

“…Hypoxia caused by tumor tissues away from the blood vessels is one important feature of all solid tumors, which leads to a situation that the tumors are not sensitive to chemotherapeutic drugs and produce drug resistance. − Hypoxia can also cause an increase in reductive stress and lead to an excess expression of reductases such as nitroreductase (NTR). − As a result, hypoxia provides a new approach for the diagnostic or treatment of solid tumors. A number of hypoxia-responsive probes or prodrugs were developed. − The strategy is an effective tool to design a theranostic agent activated by hypoxia or NTR in hypoxic regions of the individual tumor patient, for timely diagnosis of tumors, and decrease side effects and chemo-resistance.…”