“…Among complex waste-producing industries, the leather industry has been considered a significant contributor of environmental pollution, particularly in developing countries. The effluent released from the leather industry comprises high concentrations of organic and inorganic pollutants, including chromium, sulfides, and other heavy metals, which are toxic to the environment and human health ( Zhao and Chen, 2019 , Naha et al, 2023 ). Moreover, untreated effluent from leather tannery industry can results in environmental degradation by degrading quality of soil groundwater, and can also be harmful to the aquatic life ( Kannaujiya et al, 2019 ).…”