A hypothesis for the function of braking forces during running turns

Jindrich, Devin L.; Besier, Thor F.; Lloyd, David G.

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.05.007

Cited by 60 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Specifically, the model suggests that braking forces prevent body over-rotation in humans, in part because of an orthograde posture and a high ratio of M to I zz . This hypothesis was supported by the 7-to 20-fold increases in braking forces during turns relative to constant-averagevelocity running, the approximate doubling of average braking forces with an increase in turn magnitude from 28 to 42 deg, and the high (r 2 =0.7) correlation between measured and model-predicted peak braking forces for both sidestep and crossover cuts (Jindrich et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Animals must maneuver to forage, negotiate uneven terrain or escape predation, with direct impacts on fitness (Demes et al, 1999;Dunbar, 1988;Howland, 1974;Losos and Irschick, 1996). Performance depends on morphology, behavior and motor control (Aerts et al, 2003;Alexander, 2002;Carrier et al, 2001;Dial et al, 2008;Eilam, 1994;Jindrich et al, 2006;Jindrich and Full, 1999;Jindrich et al, 2007;Van Damme and van Dooren, 1999). For humans, turns alone comprise up to 50% of walking steps during daily living (Glaister et al, 2007), and can cause injuries directly by increasing the forces and moments experienced by the legs, and indirectly by decreasing stability and causing falls (Besier et al, 2001;Colby et al, 2000;Cross et al, 1989;Kawamoto et al, 2002;McLean et al, 2004;Stacoff et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The model was used to express the hypothesis that braking forces, i.e. deceleratory forces in the initial velocity direction that occur during the turning step, act to control body rotation during running turns (Jindrich et al, 2006). Specifically, the model suggests that braking forces prevent body over-rotation in humans, in part because of an orthograde posture and a high ratio of M to I zz .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compensations for increased rotational inertia during human cutting turns

Qiao

Brown

Jindrich

2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Locomotion in a complex environment is often not steady state, but unsteady locomotion (stability and maneuverability) is not well understood. We investigated the strategies used by humans to perform sidestep cutting turns when running. Previous studies have argued that because humans have small yaw rotational moments of inertia relative to body mass, deceleratory forces in the initial velocity direction that occur during the turning step, or 'braking' forces, could function to prevent body over-rotation during turns. We tested this hypothesis by increasing body rotational inertia and testing whether braking forces during stance decreased. We recorded ground reaction force and body kinematics from seven participants performing 45 deg sidestep cutting turns and straight running at five levels of body rotational inertia, with increases up to fourfold. Contrary to our prediction, braking forces remained consistent at different rotational inertias, facilitated by anticipatory changes to body rotational speed. Increasing inertia revealed that the opposing effects of several turning parameters, including rotation due to symmetrical anterior-posterior forces, result in a system that can compensate for fourfold changes in rotational inertia with less than 50% changes to rotational velocity. These results suggest that in submaximal effort turning, legged systems may be robust to changes in morphological parameters, and that compensations can involve relatively minor adjustments between steps to change initial stance conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compensations for increased rotational inertia during human cutting turns

Qiao

Brown

Jindrich

2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…12 However, these papers specifically evaluate the force components along the leg and assume that the lateral component of the ground reaction force is produced by leaning into the corner such that the limb extensor force includes a lateral component. 17 If this were the case, then we would expect that the gluteus medius muscle activation would be similar in the straightaways and while running around curves. However, the hip abductor muscles on the outside leg can effectively produce an abduction moment during stance that would result in lateral ground reaction forces.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…14 While many studies have evaluated the kinematics 15,16 and ground reaction forces during running around curves, 12,17 fewer studies have evaluated the muscular patterns during running around curves and related cutting maneuvers. 13 These data have been interpreted in light of the maximum forces that limbs can generate and have led to the conclusion that the inside leg is the limiting factor during running around curves.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Gluteus Medius Activation in Female Indoor Track Runners is Asymmetrical and May be Related to Injury Risk

Nevison¹,

Jün²,

Dickey³

2015

Sport Exerc Med Open J

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CitationNevison SE, Jun Y, Dickey JP. The gluteus medius activation in female indoor track runners is asymmetrical and may be related to injury risk. ResearchPage 27 ABSTRACTTrack runners train and compete solely in the counter clockwise direction around the track. These repetitive motions place track runners at risk of "over-use" injury, but strength differences place females at greater risk than males. This study was conducted to evaluate the asymmetry of gluteus medius muscle activation patterns in female runners as they run around the curves of an unbanked 200 m track. Wireless surface electromyography (EMG) sensors were adhered to the skin overlaying the gluteus medius. Participants' muscle activation was recorded as they ran two 200 m trials at a pace of 5±0.5 m/s and walked 200 m at a chosen pace. Each participant's EMG for the running strides was normalized to the average amplitude of their walking trials. There were significant increases in muscle activation of the outside (right) gluteus medius when athletes ran on the curves compared to the straightaways (359.1 percent of walking ±132.8 and 324.7±102.6 respectively, p=0.015). There was a trend for decreases in muscle activation of the inside (left) gluteus medius when athletes ran on the curves compared to the straightaways (449.2 percent of walking ±136.1 and 469.4±132.6 and respectively, p=0.065). These data suggest that the gluteus medius abducted the outside (right) leg to contribute to the lateral forces necessary to run around the curve. The muscular demands for the two legs are different, and are consistent with observed injury patterns. This loading pattern and mechanism of injury may be useful for guiding training and rehabilitation strategies.

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Non‐Steady Locomotion

Daley

2016

Understanding Mammalian Locomotion

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A hypothesis for the function of braking forces during running turns

Cited by 60 publications

References 17 publications

Compensations for increased rotational inertia during human cutting turns

Compensations for increased rotational inertia during human cutting turns

The Gluteus Medius Activation in Female Indoor Track Runners is Asymmetrical and May be Related to Injury Risk

Non‐Steady Locomotion

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