A hydrated 2,3-diaminophenazinium chloride as a promising building block against SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

Phenazine scaffolds are the versatile secondary metabolites of bacterial origin. It functions in the biological control of plant pathogens and contributes to the producing strains ecological fitness and pathogenicity. In the light of the excellent therapeutic properties of phenazine, we have synthesized a hydrated 2,3-diaminophenazinium chloride (DAPH+Cl−·3H2O) through direct catalytic oxidation of o-phenylenediamine with an iron(III) complex, [Fe(1,10-phenanthroline)2Cl2]NO3 in ethanol under aerobic condition. The crystal structure, molecular complexity and supramolecular aspects of DAPH+Cl− were confirmed and elucidated with different spectroscopic methods and single crystal X-ray structural analysis. Crystal engineering study on DAPH+Cl− exhibits a fascinating formation of (H2O)2…Cl−…(H2O) cluster and energy framework analysis of defines the role of chloride ions in the stabilization of DAPH+Cl−. The bactericidal efficiency of the compound has been testified against few clinical bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, K. pneumoniae using the disc diffusion method and the results of high inhibition zone suggest its excellent antibacterial properties. The phenazinium chloride exhibits a significant percentage of cell viability and a considerable inhibition property against SARS-CoV-2 at non-cytotoxic concentration compared to remdesivir. Molecular docking studies estimate a good binding propensity of DAPH+Cl− with non-structural proteins (nsp2 and nsp7-nsp-8) and the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. The molecular dynamics simulation studies attribute the conformationally stable structures of the DAPH+Cl− bound Mpro and nsp2, nsp7-nsp8 complexes as evident from the considerable binding energy values, − 19.2 ± 0.3, − 25.7 ± 0.1, and − 24.5 ± 0.7 kcal/mol, respectively.

Methodology-Centered Review of Molecular Modeling, Simulation, and Prediction of SARS-CoV-2

“…Cobicistat, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and simeprevir were suggested through drug ranking according to binding energy by MM/PB­(GB)­SA calculations. Other assessments based on docking and MM/PB­(GB)­SA calculations focused on specific drugs or compounds such as ravidasvir, lopinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, teicoplanin, GC-376, calpain XII, calpain II, anti-HIV drugs, doxorubicin, chloroquine, quinoline, hydroxychloroquine, noscapine, echinocandins, coumarins, and their derivatives. − …”

Highly Sensitive Measurement of Horseradish Peroxidase Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering of 2,3-Diaminophenazine

“… At pHs from 4 to 6, a transition at around pH = 5 occurs in agreement with DAPH + pK a = 5.1 [ 31 , 41 ]. At pHs from 2 to 3, the dominant DAP form is DAPH + , with ring nitrogen being protonated as evidenced by XRD [ 52 , 53 ] instead of the NH 2 group as proposed by Brown and coauthors [ 41 ]. The SERS spectrum of DAPH + corresponds well with the normal Raman spectrum of crystalline DAP×HCl [ 31 ].…”

In silico anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities of five-membered heterocycle-substituted benzimidazoles

“…Moreover, the corona virus infection spectacles more worsening starting from acute respiratory failure to sepsis and death [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] . Nevertheless, critical issues like aggravated seditious reaction, tenacious viral load, organ-specific indices, and flawed antiviral resistance routes [ 14 , 15 ] are accountable to monitor the COVID-19 disease. Therefore, investigations on the underlying cellular mechanisms at molecular grabs a great deal of interests to the scientists for the development of physiopathology and consequent progress of suitable therapeutics.…”

“…Therefore, investigations on the underlying cellular mechanisms at molecular grabs a great deal of interests to the scientists for the development of physiopathology and consequent progress of suitable therapeutics. During the last two years, various scientific groups made a significant effort to design and development of molecular therapeutics and vaccines including treatment procedures to prevent, control, and cure this disease is praiseworthy [ 14 , 15 ]. In the true sense, this immense effort results in significant progress of medical science to combat human coronaviruses, although, the huge population, consciousness, and inadequate therapeutics enforce a restriction in recovering from this pandemic quickly.…”