A hydrate shell growth model in bubble flow of water-dominated system considering intrinsic kinetics, mass and heat transfer mechanisms

Three-Scale in Situ Investigation on the Film Morphology and Mass Transfer Channels during the Thickening Growth of Hydrates on Gas Bubble

“…30−32 Recently, some models have been proposed to describe the thickening growth process of the hydrate film on the bubble suspended in water. 33,34 However, most of the experimental data for model validation was from the hydrate film growth at the planar interface between gas and water but not on the bubble.…”

“…Once a hydrate crystal forms at the interface, it can grow laterally and normal to the interface and eventually form a porous hydrate film of certain thickness between water and guest fluid. , It is of special research interest to obtain the crystal morphology, thickness, and growth rate of the hydrate film formed at the gas–water interface during hydrate growth, which benefits for understanding the hydrate nucleation mechanism, growth mode, and factors controlling hydrate growth. − Once the gas bubble is entirely covered, the thickening growth started. Thickening growth is a very slow process, because the initial hydrate film formed in lateral growth will hinder the direct contact between the gas and liquid, which then retard and suppress the mass transfer processes between different phases. ,, The thickening growth of hydrate film is more complicated but less studied than the lateral growth process, which is controlled by many factors such as the diffusion of gas or water molecules in the hydrate layer, reaction rate constants, , bubble size, , tensile strength, hydrate collapse, , and the gas–water mass transfer channels in hydrate film including membranes, − pores, ,, and lattices. − Recently, some models have been proposed to describe the thickening growth process of the hydrate film on the bubble suspended in water. , However, most of the experimental data for model validation was from the hydrate film growth at the planar interface between gas and water but not on the bubble.…”

Crystallization Mechanisms and Rates of Cyclopentane Hydrates Formation in Brine

“…It is worth mentioning here the early experimental studies that addressed the crystal growth rates and mass transfer rates through the hydrate layer , , provide models , , , , , , , or perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations , . The pioneering work of Mori and co‐workers , explored theoretically the evolution of a hydrate layer thickness at the interface between water and another non‐miscible phase of guest molecules.…”

“…In literature, many studies addressed mass transfer phenomena in clathrate hydrate formation . In the most usual case, crystallization occurs at an interface between water and another liquid phase, acting as a reservoir of the guest species.…”

“…Very recently, Sun et al , , published a remarkable series of articles for modeling the mass transfer in the hydrate shell. While their system is not a liquid‐liquid interface, they looked into details at the interface between gas bubbles and water, and of course the inside of the hydrate shell.…”