A hybrid cooling tower model for plume abatement and performance analysis

FlexCoolDC: Datacenter Cooling Flexibility for Harmonizing Water, Energy, Carbon, and Cost Trade-offs

“…Pumps are also used in the condenser loop to ensure the water dynamics. In this study, we consider mechanical draft dry-wet hybrid cooling towers [71,73]. They are governed by two operation principles taking place in different units opened to the surrounding environment: the dry and the wet sections.…”

“…We make the following assumptions as in [36,71]: 1) there is no energy loss to the environment, i.e the loops are perfectly closed, 2) the transient phase of the heat exchangers is neglected (only the steady states are considered), 3) the physical properties of air and water are temperature independent (constant thermal density). Table 2 of Appendix A presents the symbols used in the models.…”

“…The dry section heat exchanger considered in this study is a gas-liquid device containing tubes in the water side arranged in several rows and gas side fins. We adopted the 𝜖-NTU modeling [69,71,73]. We consider a constant water flow at the entrance and the exit of dry section (as well as the wet unit presented in Section 3.…”

“…Let 𝑄 𝑐𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑡 be the amount of heat dissipated in the wet sections. The wet section model is based on mass conservation, energy conservation as in [36,71]. Water-side and air-side heat exchange are respectively presented in Equation 5a and Equation 5b.…”

Assessment of Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower Thermal Emissions from Visual Images of Plumes

“…Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies of cooling tower plumes have appeared in recent literature. CFD modeling has been used to further investigate the plume volume, length, and width with and without a wind velocity, which has also inspired other studies on plume volume flux [3][4][5][6]. Takata et al used a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model to predict wind effects on a rising visible plume from an MDCT in the absence of nearby buildings [3], while Fan et al similarly modeled an MDCT near a complex building environment [7].…”