A Hundred Years of the British Empire

Hall, Walter Phelps; Newton, A. P.

doi:10.2307/1838804

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…His cattle were also renowned for their extreme docility. By the turn of the century his improved Longhorn, initially called New Leicester or Dishley (Figure 12), had become the most widely distributed breed in the midland counties [138]. Around 1785, Durham cattle, later called the Shorthorn [93,127], was developed by the brothers Charles and Robert Colling.…”

Section: The First Breedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the successes with the Longhorn and Shorthorn, several other British breeds were developed, such as the Hereford (Figure 14a) and Aberdeen-Angus (Figure 14b), both beef cattle, and dairy Ayrshire (Figure 14c) [138]. Breeding was mainly an occupation of the gentry, who emphasized pure bloodlines to the point that purebred cattle with long pedigrees became a symbol of the British ruling class [135,140].…”

Section: The First Breedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the History of Cattle Genetic Resources

Felius¹,

Beerling²,

et al. 2014

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Cattle are our most important livestock species because of their production and role in human culture. Many breeds that differ in appearance, performance and environmental adaptation are kept on all inhabited continents, but the historic origin of the diverse phenotypes is not always clear. We give an account of the history of cattle by integrating archaeological record and pictorial or written sources, scarce until 300 years ago, with the recent contributions of DNA analysis. We describe the domestication of their wild ancestor, migrations to eventually all inhabited continents, the developments during prehistory, the antiquity and the Middle Ages, the relatively recent breed formation, the industrial cattle husbandry in the Old and New World and the current efforts to preserve the cattle genetic resources. Surveying the available information, we propose three main and overlapping phases during the development of the present genetic diversity: (i) domestication and subsequent wild introgression; (ii) natural adaptation to a diverse agricultural habitat; and (iii) breed development.

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Section: The First Breedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The First Breedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the History of Cattle Genetic Resources

Felius¹,

Beerling²,

et al. 2014

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“…Megens et al (2008) showed, using phylogenetic reconstruction, a genetic affinity of British Lop with other European pig breeds. This suggests that British Lop may either be a breed of European origin or has experienced substantial genetic introgression from British Landrace (Hall and Clutton-Brock, 1988). The second was the pairing of Berkshire and Gloucestershire Old Spots breeds.…”

Section: Defining the Genetic Boundaries Of Breedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An empirical assessment of individual-based population genetic statistical techniques: application to British pig breeds

et al. 2010

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Recently developed Bayesian genotypic clustering methods for analysing genetic data offer a powerful tool to evaluate the genetic structure of domestic farm animal breeds. The unit of study with these approaches is the individual instead of the population. We aimed to empirically evaluate various individual-based population genetic statistical methods for characterization of genetic diversity and structure of livestock breeds. Eighteen British pig populations, comprising 819 individuals, were genotyped at 46 microsatellite markers. Three Bayesian genotypic clustering approaches, principle component analysis (PCA) and phylogenetic reconstruction were applied to individual multilocus genotypes to infer the genetic structure and diversity of the British pig breeds. Comparisons of the three Bayesian genotypic clustering methods (STRUCTURE, BAPS and STRUCTURAMA) revealed some broad similarities but also some notable differences. Overall, the methods agreed that majority of the British pig breeds are independent genetic units with little evidence of admixture. The three Bayesian genotypic clustering methods provided complementary, biologically credible clustering solutions but at different levels of resolution. BAPS detected finer genetic differentiation and in some cases, populations within breeds. Consequently, it estimated a greater number of underlying genetic populations (K, in the notation of Bayesian clustering methods). Two of the Bayesian methods (STRUCTURE and BAPS) and phylogenetic reconstruction provided similar success in assignment of individuals, supporting the use of these methods for breed assignment.

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“…The 1960s and 1970s saw the importation of European beef breeds such as Charolais, Limousin and Simmental (Hall and Clutton-Brock, 1989). Up until then, only native British beef breeds were in use.…”

Section: Pedigree Breedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once considered 'the stock yard of the world' (Gibbs et al, 2009) and a leading exporter of seedstock cattle during the first half of the 20th century (Hall and Clutton-Brock, 1989), the UK's beef breeding sector has recently undergone much upheaval. Serious disease epidemics such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), volatile meat prices and the introduction of the single farm payment have made for a turbulent period for British beef cattle breeders (Lowman, 1998;Riddell, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene flow in a national cross-breeding beef population

Todd

Woolliams

Roughsedge

2011

Animal

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Future progress in genetic improvement and the monitoring of genetic resources in beef cattle requires a detailed understanding of the population under selection. This study examines the gene flow in the UK beef population with an uncommon breeding structure involving interaction between the beef and dairy populations. British Cattle Movement Service records were used as the primary source of information, and these data were triangulated with UK government statistics, other industry information sources and existing literature to build up a profile of the UK beef industry. Estimates were made of the breed composition of suckler cows, breeding bulls and the prime slaughter population. Cross-bred animals made up 85% and 94%, respectively, of the commercial beef breeding cow and prime slaughter populations. Holstein/Friesian (through cross-breeding) made up the largest proportion of genes in both these populations with 33% and 28%, respectively. The next five most popular breeds were specialist beef breeds: Limousin (22% and 18%), Charolais (11% and 6%), Simmental (9% and 11%), Angus (7% and 8%) and Belgian Blue (6% and 6%). Combined, the top seven beef breeds accounted for 94% of beef genetics in the prime slaughter population, and 80% of this came from non-native breeds. The influence of dairy breeds in the commercial beef breeding population was highlighted by the fact that 44% of replacement commercial beef breeding females were sourced from beef-sired crosses in the dairy herd, and in total 74% of all maternal grand dams of prime slaughter animals were Holstein/Friesian. The use of selection index technology was also investigated by analysing breeding bull sale results, with the correlation between the terminal sire index and sale price of young breeding bulls being generally moderate but significant, ranging from 0.21 to 0.38 across the major beef breeds. The most influential source of genetics in the commercial suckler beef herd was natural service breeding bulls. These were mostly sourced from pedigree breeders, and accounted for 47.8% of the genetics in the prime beef population. Artificial insemination sires were responsible for 16.6% of prime beef genetics, with the remaining 35.6% coming from dairy breeds, 95% of which was Holstein/Friesian.

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A Hundred Years of the British Empire

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

On the History of Cattle Genetic Resources

On the History of Cattle Genetic Resources

An empirical assessment of individual-based population genetic statistical techniques: application to British pig breeds

Gene flow in a national cross-breeding beef population

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