A human parietal fragment from the late Early Pleistocene Gran Dolina-TD6 cave site, Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain

Twentieth anniversary of Homo antecessor (1997‐2017): a review

“…One TD6 cranial specimen deserves particular attention. The parietal ATD6‐100/168 belonged to an immature individual with an age ranging between 4 and 12 years . Based on this evidence, the parietals of H. antecessor are flattened in the sagittal direction and each displays a “tent‐like” posterior profile.…”

“…23 Based on this evidence, the parietals of H. antecessor are flattened in the sagittal direction and each displays a "tent-like" posterior profile. Thus, they have a plesiomorphic morphology for the genus Homo, similar to that of H. ergaster (or African H. erectus) and H. erectus s.s. 23 Since the specific H. sapiens geometry is defined during the first year of life, [24][25][26] we can infer that the primitive morphology would be retained in the adult. It is interesting to note that in this specimen the styloid process is fused to the basicranium (primitive condition), although it is not fused (derived condition) in H. erectus s.s. 27 Interestingly, the styloid process is fused in early African specimens like Stw-53, KNM-ER-3735, SK-847, KNM-ER 3733, and OH9, which also present the primitive condition.…”

“…Based on this evidence, the parietals of H. antecessor are flattened in the sagittal direction and each displays a “tent‐like” posterior profile. Thus, they have a plesiomorphic morphology for the genus Homo, similar to that of H. ergaster (or African H. erectus ) and H. erectus s.s . Since the specific H. sapiens geometry is defined during the first year of life, we can infer that the primitive morphology would be retained in the adult.…”

“…39 Furthermore, the absence of a planum alveolare and the general shape of the ascending ramus in the TD6 mandibles are distinctive features compared with the North -Presence of middle trigonid crest All these features have been studied by some authors. 1,5,23,27,34,35,40,45,46,48,49,54,57,59,63,65,67,123 In these studies, more detailed descriptions and discussions of the polarity of the TD6 features can be found.…”

Locomotor activity, growth hormones, and systemic robusticity: An investigation of cranial vault thickness in mouse lines bred for high endurance running

“…Since the publication of the SRH, it has been cited as the primary hypothesis to explain hypertrophy of cranial vault bones in Homo erectus in articles (Athreya, ; Bruner et al, ; Chirchir et al, ; Crevecoeur, Brooks, Ribot, Cornelissen, & Semal, ; Curnoe & Green, ; Davis, Windh, & Lauritzen, ; Tryon et al, ), textbooks (Conroy, ; Wolpoff, ), and in information written for the public (Lieberman, ). However, the proposed relationships among physical activity, hormone levels, and systemic skeletal robusiticy have never been explicitly tested, which prompted our experimental design.…”