A Human-in-the-Loop Evaluation of ACAS Xu

Rorie, R. Conrad; Smith, Casey L.; Sadler, Garrett; Monk, Kevin J.; Tyson, Terence L.; Keeler, Jillian

doi:10.1109/dasc50938.2020.9256618

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…While pilots rated ACAS X U favorably, their objective performance while using the system must also be understood. The objective findings of the current HITL simulation were published separately (Rorie et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System X_U

Smith¹,

Rorie²,

Monk³

et al. 2020

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) must comply with specific standards to operate in the National Airspace System (NAS). Among the requirements are the detect and avoid (DAA) capabilities, which include display, alerting, and guidance specifications. Previous studies have queried pilots for their subjective feedback of these display elements on earlier systems; the present study sought pilot evaluations with an initial iteration of the unmanned variant of a Next Generation Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS XU). Sixteen participants piloted simulated aircraft with both standalone and integrated DAA displays. Their opinions were gathered using post-block and post-simulation questionnaires as well as guided debriefs. The data showed pilots had better understanding and comfort with the system when using an integrated display. Pilots also rated ACAS XU alerting and guidance as generally acceptable and effective. Implications for further development of ACAS XU and DAA displays are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These subjective findings are presented below. The objective findings to this study were published in a separate report (Rorie et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System X_U

Smith¹,

Rorie²,

Monk³

et al. 2020

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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“…4) Lellis et al and Rorie et al performed human-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) experiments involving real pilots. 5,6) The flight test and HILS experiments can demonstrate under realistic flight conditions but require significant effort and cost. Additionally, there might be limitations; during flight tests to ensure safety.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Operational Consequences of the Use of ACAS Xu in Controlled Airspace

AVENEAU,

TORATANI,

SENOGUCHI

et al. 2024

Trans. Japan Soc. Aero. S Sci.

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A "detect-and-avoid" capability providing a "remain well-clear" function will be needed for unmanned aircraft to fly safely in uncontrolled airspace. It could also be used in controlled airspace provided that the action chosen by the pilot, based on the system suggestive guidance, is compatible with the current air traffic control clearance or an amended clearance. The study reported in this paper looks at the potential operational consequences of the interaction between a pilot and the air traffic controller in controlled airspace when a clearance amendment must be requested by the pilot using the recently standardized detect-and-avoid system, Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems Xu (ACAS Xu). Numerical simulations on a potential encounter are performed. A model of pilot behavior when faced with a remain well-clear alert (including pilot-controller communication delays) is used. An analysis of the qualitative results outlines several areas of concern: the possible confusion caused by multiple changes in remain well-clear guidance, the undesirable effects when both aircraft are equipped with ACAS Xu, and the potential interaction with short-term conflict alerts displayed at the air traffic controller's workstation.

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Assessing Helicopter Pilots’ Detect and Avoid and Collision Avoidance Performance with ACAS Xr

Rorie,

Smith,

Mitchell

et al. 2023

2023 IEEE/AIAA 42nd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)

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A Human-in-the-Loop Evaluation of ACAS Xu

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System X_U

UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System X_U

Potential Operational Consequences of the Use of ACAS Xu in Controlled Airspace

Assessing Helicopter Pilots’ Detect and Avoid and Collision Avoidance Performance with ACAS Xr

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A Human-in-the-Loop Evaluation of ACAS Xu

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System XU

UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System XU

Potential Operational Consequences of the Use of ACAS Xu in Controlled Airspace

Assessing Helicopter Pilots’ Detect and Avoid and Collision Avoidance Performance with ACAS Xr

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System X_U

UAS Pilot Assessments of Display and Alerting for the Airborne Collision Avoidance System X_U