A hot-water ice-coring drill

Engelhardt, Hermann; Kamb, Barclay; Bolsey, R.

doi:10.3189/172756500781832873

Cited by 35 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…It is also possible to obtain short ice cores with this technology (Engelhardt et al 2000. Since in case of HWD also the contamination is relatively low, a potential melting probe application on Earth needs to be carefully compared with HWD-technology for any advantages and disadvantages.…”

Section: Comparison With Conventional Drillingmentioning

confidence: 98%

Access to glacial and subglacial environments in the Solar System by melting probe technology

Ulamec

Biele

Funke

et al. 2006

Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol

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A key aspect for understanding the biological and biochemical environment of subglacial waters, on Earth or other planets and moons in the Solar system, is the analysis of material embedded in or underneath icy layers on the surface. In particular the Antarctic lakes (most prominently Lake Vostok) but also the icy crust of Jupiter's moon Europa or the polar caps of Mars require such investigation. One possible technique to penetrate thick ice layers with small and reliable probes is by melting, which does not require the heavy, complex and expensive equipment of a drilling rig. While melting probes have successfully been used for terrestrial applications e.g. in Antarctic ice, their performance in vacuum is different and theory needs confirmation by tests. Thus, a vacuum chamber has been used to perform a series of melting tests in cold (liquid nitrogen cooled) water ice samples. The feasibility of the method was demonstrated and the energy demand for a space mission could be estimated. Due to the high energy demand in case of extraterrestrial application (e.g. Europa or polar caps of Mars), only heating with radioactive isotopes seems feasible for reaching greater depths. The necessary power is driven by the desired penetration velocity (approximately linearly) and the dimensions of the probe (proportional to the cross section). In comparison to traditional drilling techniques the application of a melting probe for exploration of Antarctic lakes offers the advantage that biological contamination is minimized, since the Probe can be sterilized and the melting channel freezes immediately after the probe's passage, inhibiting exchange with the surface layers and the atmosphere. In order to understand the physical and chemical nature of the ice layers, as well as for analysing the underlying water body, a melting probe needs to be equipped with a suite of scientific instruments that are capable of e.g. determining the chemical and isotopic composition of the embedded or dissolved materials.

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Section: Comparison With Conventional Drillingmentioning

confidence: 98%

Access to glacial and subglacial environments in the Solar System by melting probe technology

Ulamec

Biele

Funke

et al. 2006

Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol

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“…The result, he contends, is that the best-interests approach might be formally supported while in practice parental autonomy is allowed to flourish. 156 I would submit that evidence of harm to children would justify a more restrictive approach. That evidence may not currently exist, but it is not fanciful to suggest that in future it might and almost certainly will.…”

Section: (B) a Case For Limiting Parental Rights?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Voluntary vaccination: the pandemic effect

Cave

2017

Legal stud.

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Justification of a voluntary vaccination policy in England and Wales rests on tenuous foundations. Two arguments against voluntary vaccination are gaining ground. The first is that globalisation necessitates preparedness strategies for pandemics. Assuming sufficient supply, compulsory vaccination of adults and children constitutes a potential policy option in the context of a severe, vaccine‐preventable pandemic outbreak. The second argument is that children have a right to preventive medicine and thus to vaccination. The influence of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and its emphasis on parents as the trustees of their children's best interests, and the increasingly global nature of our collective and individual responsibilities with respect to the transmission of vaccine‐preventable disease present challenges to the right to refuse vaccination on our own behalf and on behalf of our children. Exploring methods of compulsion and persuasion utilised across Europe, the USA and Australia, this paper argues that necessity and proportionality must be reassessed, and national public health law and policy setting out a graduated and proportionate approach to compulsory vaccination developed as a matter of priority.

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“…πkd h z bρw QCw (13) In the general case, the initial temperature of the water increases with T b , k, d h , and z, and decreases with an increase in C w , Q, and b. depending on target depth, assuming Tb = 50 °C, b = 11 mm, dh = 38 mm, k = 0.3 J s m K , and Cw = 4190 J kg −1 K −1 . The hot water supply temperature can reach as high as 80 to 100 °C depending on the drill site elevation and boiler capacity.…”

Section: Initial Temperature Of Hot Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowadays, hot-water drill systems are actively used for different tasks that can be subdivided by depth as shown ( Figure 1): (1) near-surface drilling up to 50-60 m for ablation stakes installation, temperature measurements, access to lake/ocean water, and seismic surveying [3,4]; (2) shallow drilling up to 300-400 m for monitoring glacier dynamics, basal sliding, and englacial water pressure [5,6]; (3) intermediate drilling up to 1500 m for studying marginal parts of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, for access holes through ice shelves, and for subglacial lakes exploration [7][8][9]; and (4) deep drilling up to a depth of 3500 m for subglacial exploration, installation of neutrino detectors, and other scientific applications [10,11]. Even coring of ice is possible with hot-water drilling [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Parameters of Hot-Water Drilling Systems

Liu

Тalalay

Wang

et al. 2019

Water

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Currently, hot-water drill systems are actively used to observe ocean cavities under ice shelves, detect the effects of climate change on glaciers, retrieve sub-ice seabed samples, study the internal ice structure with video imaging, log temperatures, measure deformations within ice, determine basal sliding velocity, provide clean access to subglacial lakes, and many other scientific applications. The main parameters of hot-water drilling systems in any configuration are flow rate, delivery pressure, and temperature of the delivered water. The controlled outcome variables are the diameter of the drilled borehole, rate of penetration, power and fuel consumption for ice melting, and refreezing rate of the borehole. The independent variables while drilling are the current/target depth and the temperature of the ice. The paper aims to present a design procedure for hot-water drilling parameters that are necessary to choose appropriate equipment and tools at the planning stage.

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A hot-water ice-coring drill

Abstract: ABSTRACT. A new method of ice-core drilling uses an annulus of hot-water jets to melt out a cylindrical ice core. This lightweight device used in combination with a fast hot-water drill can quickly obtain ice cores from any depth.

Cited by 35 publications

References 12 publications

Access to glacial and subglacial environments in the Solar System by melting probe technology

Access to glacial and subglacial environments in the Solar System by melting probe technology

Voluntary vaccination: the pandemic effect

Design Parameters of Hot-Water Drilling Systems

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