A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study of Stillbirths and Environmental Exposure to Arsenic Using an Atmospheric Dispersion Model Linked to a Geographical Information System

Ihrig, Melanie; Shalat, Stuart L.; Baynes, Colin

doi:10.1097/00001648-199805000-00013

Cited by 84 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…There are now a few examples of high resolution mapping techniques being applied to the assessment of exposure from road traffic, either empirically (Briggs et al, 1997) or more theoretically (Khandelwal (1999), Grossinho et al (1999)). Similar methodology has been used somewhat more widely at lower spatial resolution for larger sources, for example McGavran, Rood and Till (1999), Ihrig, Shalat and Baynes (1998). The most sophisticated operational urban air quality models are probably now capable of starting to assess the exposure of moving road users as a function of the amount of time they spend in more or less polluted streets.…”

Section: Road Traffic and Effects Of Urban Air Quality (Especially Pamentioning

confidence: 99%

The transport sector as a source of air pollution

Colvile

Hutchinson

Mindell

et al. 2001

Atmospheric Environment

593

228

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Transport first became a significant source of air pollution after the problems of sooty smog from coal combustion had largely been solved in western European and North American cities. Since then, emissions from road, air, rail and water transport have been partly responsible for acid deposition, stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change. Most recently, road traffic exhaust emissions have been the cause of much concern about the effects of urban air quality on human health and tropospheric ozone production. This article considers the variety of transport impacts on the atmospheric environment by reviewing three examples: urban road traffic and human health, aircraft emissions and global atmospheric change, and the contribution of sulphur emissions from ships to acid deposition. Each example has associated with it a different level of uncertainty, such that a variety of policy responses to the problems are appropriate, from adaptation through precautionary emissions abatement to cost-benefit analysis and optimised abatement. There is some evidence that the current concern over the transport contribution to urban air quality is justified, but aircraft emissions should also give cause for concern given that air traffic is projected to continue to increase. Emissions from road traffic are being reduced substantially by the introduction of technology especially three-way catalysts and also, most recently, by local traffic reduction measures especially in western European cities. In developing countries and Eastern Europe, however, there remains the possibility of great increase in car ownership and use, and it remains to be seen whether these countries will adopt measures now to prevent transport-related air pollution problems becoming severe later in the 21 st century.Key words: Vehicle emissions, Aerosol urban, Health impact, Ship emissions, Aircraft emissions 1 Introduction Transport is widely recognised to be a significant and increasing source of air pollution world wide. Several previous reviews have focused on individual modes of transport and/or single environmental impacts of transport. For example, OECD (1988) briefly considers regional and global impacts of transport emissions of air pollution, but is mostly concerned with the impact of emissions on local urban air quality, and considers only road transport. The Third International Symposium on Transport and Air Pollution (Joumard, 1996) also has an emphasis on road traffic and urban air quality, but the Special Edition of Science of the Total Environment presenting highlights of the symposium also includes a few papers covering air and sea transport. Joumard comments on the value of the contributions from developing countries including Africa and Latin America; a review of road transport emissions and their impact on the environment at all scales from local to global was also published a couple of years earlier by Faiz (1993). One of the most comprehensive recent reviews of the environmental impacts of transport is that of the Royal Commi...

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Section: Road Traffic and Effects Of Urban Air Quality (Especially Pamentioning

confidence: 99%

The transport sector as a source of air pollution

Colvile

Hutchinson

Mindell

et al. 2001

Atmospheric Environment

593

228

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…3) Chronic exposure to humans has been associated with the disorders of the peripheral vasculature, 4) diseases of the cardiovascular system, 5) diabetes 6) and reproductive failure. 7) Arsenic has also been known to be neurotoxic. 8,9) Neurologic indications such as 'Pins and needles' or electric shock like pain in the lower extremities, 10) Guillian-Barre-Strohl syndrome (LGBS) etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amelioration by Vitamin A upon Arsenic Induced Metabolic and Neurotoxic Effects

Gopalkrishnan

Rao

2006

JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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Arsenic effect was studied at two dosage levels (0.5 mg and 1 mg/kg) for 45 days in two regions of brain, viz., cerebral hemisphere (CH) and cerebellum (C) in adult mice. This study included the antioxidant profile namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, ascorbic acid and total sulphydryl groups. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), phosphorylase together with glycogen and protein levels were also estimated as metabolic indices in the brain regions of mice. A notable decrease was detected in the activities of the enzymes and in the levels of other metabolites together with a significant increase in the lipid peroxidation, glycogen and inorganic arsenic levels after arsenic administration. Supplementation of vitamin A to the arsenic treated mice brought about no significant variation in these antioxidant and metabolic indices in comparison to that of control, revealing amelioration by vitamin A on arsenic exerted metabolic and neurotoxic effects in mice.Key words ---arsenic, vitamin A, antioxidant system, metabolic and neurotoxic effect in part by inducing rapid burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mammalian cells, resulting in oxidative stress 12,13) and carcinogenesis in man. 14) Studies document that arsenic generates ROS such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide (O 2•-), hydroxyl (OH • ) and peroxyl (ROO • ) radicals. 13) These free radicals and the other reactive species are constantly produced in the brain in vivo.15) Experiments on human fetal brain explants on exposure to arsenic in culture have showed disturbances in lipid peroxidation, generation of ROS and apoptosis. 16) Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) (enzymes of the inner mitochondrial membrane) are concerned with respiration, and energy generation; hence, are essential for cell survival. Respiratory chain is the major source of ROS, hence mitochondrial oxidative damage is thought to be a proximal cause of metabolic effects. 17,18) Metabolism in fish brain was also affected by arsenic poisoning 19) in addition to other pathological effects in general metabolism of animal tissues. 20)

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“…These models have been regarded as a more realistic representation of the problem by making use of data on emissions, meteorological conditions, and topography in conjunction with information from empirical monitoring systems in predicting spatial exposure estimates of air pollution concentration. Some studies have applied this method for maternal air pollution exposure assessments (Ihrig et al 1998;Madsen et al 2010;Wu et al 2009). However, the features of dispersion models such as assumption of Gaussian dispersion, relatively costly data input, and complicated models, validation, impede their wide applications in estimating air pollution exposure.…”

Section: Methods Of Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient Air Pollution and Reproductive Health

Xu¹,

Kan²,

Ha³

2011

The Impact of Air Pollution on Health, Economy, Environment and Agricultural Sources

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A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study of Stillbirths and Environmental Exposure to Arsenic Using an Atmospheric Dispersion Model Linked to a Geographical Information System

Cited by 84 publications

References 20 publications

The transport sector as a source of air pollution

The transport sector as a source of air pollution

Amelioration by Vitamin A upon Arsenic Induced Metabolic and Neurotoxic Effects

Ambient Air Pollution and Reproductive Health

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