A Horse-Bridle Piece with Carpatho-Danubian Connections from Late Helladic I Mitrou and the Emergence of a Warlike Elite in Greece During the Shaft Grave Period

Maran, Joseph; Moortel, Aleydis Van de

doi:10.3764/aja.118.4.0529

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The early phase of Baden c. (Boleráz phase, c. 3500-3400 BC, present also in Bohemia) is contemporaneous with the later phase of TRB. In the Kurgan hypothesis, Baden culture is seen to be a product of the second wave (sensu M. Gimbutas) of human migrations from the east (Gimbutas 1956;Mallory & Adams 1997). Despite the possibility that the kurgan theory might be wrong, there is a clear cultural influence from the North Pontic steppes, and massive migration from the east in the late Eneolithic/EBA is supported by new archaeo-genetic studies (cf.…”

Section: Discussion and Inter-regional Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…"Baden culture is frequently discussed in association with the spread of Indo-Europeans because it possesses a number of cultural traits that have been regarded as diagnostic markers of Indo-European society: the use of small fortified settlements, houses with apsidal ends (suggesting a pastoral ancestry), wheeled vehicles,.…, sexual dimorphism in burial rite with males interred on their right sides and females on their left, (etc. )…" (Mallory & Adams 1997). See also Gimbutas (1956).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is the only evidence so far of the ritual use of horses in the Czech territory from the Neolithic and Eneolithic; further possibly ritual horse depositions are known within the Czech territory from EBA (Berkovec & Peška 2006) and from LBA (Peške 1988;Jiráň et al 2013) and frequent horse burials are known within the cemeteries of later invaders from the eastern steppes (such as Avars in Pannonia; Ambros & Müller 1980). There is rich evidence of the sacrificing of domestic horses in various Indo-European traditions, probably derived from Proto-Indo-European ritual, and of the importance of myths involving horses in Indo-Europeans (Mallory & Adams 1997Anthony & Brown 2003;Kuzmina 2006;Anthony 2007). Evidence of horse sacrifice (or rituals in general), frequently including separated skulls, was found in Botai (Olsen 2003), a site of early horse domestication.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Horse size and domestication: Early equid bones from the Czech Republic in the European context

Kyselý

Peške

2016

Anthropozoologica

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We collected and evaluated, by the 'logarithmic size index' (LSI) method, all available postcranial equid bones found in the Czech Republic from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Material from the Upper Paleolithic (Magdalenien) and Bohemian Late Bronze Age (Knovíz culture) was also included. Two different species of equids were documented: Equus hydruntinus Regalia, 1907 and Equus ferus Boddaert, 1785. The variation in the size of true horses was compared with data published for neighbouring countries. In most periods, the horses are found to be larger in the eastern part of Central Europe than in the western part. The Czech lands appear to span the border of two worlds: the Pannonian plains and the western, geomorphologically diverse regions. The status of horses in the Neolithic Lengyel period from Moravia remains disputable. However, a high size variability in Eneolithic Funnel Beaker culture (TRB, 3800-3350 BC) together with a non-homogeneous distribution in Řivnáč culture (3100-2800 BC) and a significant increase in size between Lengyel and Baden-Řivnáč horizons (probably already in TRB) combined with the occasional occurrence of unexpectedly large individuals probably indicate the importation of tamed or even domesticated horses as early as the times of TRB culture, which is earlier than claimed in other recent studies, and possibly reflect multiple origins of the horse population. The large variability and repeated diminution in size of horses in the Early Bronze Age (Únětice culture, 2200-1700 BC) could indicate advanced domestication or multiple origins of the populations (or both). The persistence of wild horses in the Early Bronze Age cannot be proved osteometrically, but the presence of domesticated horses is considered certain.

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Section: Discussion and Inter-regional Comparisonsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Horse size and domestication: Early equid bones from the Czech Republic in the European context

Kyselý

Peške

2016

Anthropozoologica

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“…During the last decades, new interesting EH III-MH I sites on the mainland have been excavated along the northern Euboean Gulf: Atalanti with a 15 m tumulus with burials in pithoi (Papakonstantinou 2011;97 and Mitrou (Maran & Van De Moortel 2014).98 The tumulus of Pelasgia is further up north, at the entrance of the Melian Gulf.99 In the bay area of Volos, with the important Neolithic sites of Sesklo and Dimini, there 94…”

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confidence: 99%

Aphidna’s Prehistoric Tumulus in North Attica from around 2000 BC. A Comprehensive Re-assessment of Sam Wide’s 1894 Excavation

Hielte¹

2023

Acta Archaeol.

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The 13 graves excavated in 1894 by Sam Wide at Aphidna only attracted sporadic attention during the first decades, even though he exposed unusually rich burials. However, over the last 20 years, there has been increased interest, but still with most focus on only one grave, Pithos Grave III. This article combines information from several sources to get a more comprehensive picture, including a thorough re-read of Wide’s original publication in German, an examination of his preserved correspondence and notes, also with a newly discovered original photo taken during the excavation. In addition, recent colour photos of the finds kept in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens are provided. This approach may, in a sense, be termed ‘archaeology in reverse’. Wide was a pioneer in Greek prehistoric studies and the first to identify a then-unknown phase between the Early and the Middle Bronze Age, based on the Aphidna finds. His detailed descriptions of the excavation, including the large bowls placed outside the pithos graves, also contribute to reconstructing burial rites. After 130 years, with many new contemporary sites now available, new insights into regional perspectives can be gained.

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The Rise of the Mycenaean Culture, Palatial Administration and Its Collapse

Maran¹,

Wright²

2019

A Companion to the Archaeology of Early Greece and the Mediterranean

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A Horse-Bridle Piece with Carpatho-Danubian Connections from Late Helladic I Mitrou and the Emergence of a Warlike Elite in Greece During the Shaft Grave Period

Cited by 11 publications

References 9 publications

Horse size and domestication: Early equid bones from the Czech Republic in the European context

Horse size and domestication: Early equid bones from the Czech Republic in the European context

Aphidna’s Prehistoric Tumulus in North Attica from around 2000 BC. A Comprehensive Re-assessment of Sam Wide’s 1894 Excavation

The Rise of the Mycenaean Culture, Palatial Administration and Its Collapse

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