A History of Violence: A Critical Overview of Aotearoa New Zealand’s Approach to Terrorism

Abstract

On 15 March 2019, Brenton Tarrant fired indiscriminately at congregants as they gathered for prayer at the Linwood Islamic Centre and Al Noor Mosque in Christ-church, New Zealand. The media labelled the event New Zealand’s “loss of innocence” and its first experience of terrorism; MPs across the house described the attack as foreign and imported. However, there are various incidents in New Zealand’s history prior the Christchurch attacks that arguably also fit the definition of terrorism but have not been officially identified or charged as such. The government’s selective use of the terrorism label suggests that in the case of terrorism, phenomenally similar actions may be labelled differently depending on the identity of the perpetrator and the perspective from which the action is described. In order to understand how the government decides whether an act is a case of terrorism or not, this article traces the evolution and social context of New Zealand’s counter-terrorism legislation from the early colonial period to the Christchurch attacks. In doing so, this article finds that in New Zealand, terrorism has been routinely framed as the fault of foreigners and cultural outsiders. This suggests that the official definition of terrorism in New Zealand is not constant or objective, but is instead guided by historical conditions which make political sense of the current terrorism reality.

Unpacking Foreign Fighting: New Zealand’s Legislative Responses to Transnational Combatants

“…The way New Zealand's debates about foreign fighting have played out, therefore, provides an example of what critical terrorism scholars have described as often overly simplistic assumptions of the "honourable against the duplicitous". 109 Such approaches can be overly simplistic because each framing of the key issue underlying the form of foreign fighting being considered in any particular political moment will face certain limits. Legal categorisations may only hold for a moment before being revealed as either overly exclusive or inclusive as soon as the political context changes, and the key considerations supporting the legal categorisation evolve.…”