A History of the Low Countries

The Eu “Live” in Civic Education: To Experience and Understand the European Union in-Situ: A Model for and Experiences From Political Excursions and Thematic Seminars to and in Brussels

“…The traces of Flemish, Habsburg (Austrian and Spanish), French, monarchistdynastic and revolutionary and more recently democratic history can be sketched (Arblaster, 2012), as well as Belgium's colonial past herself with regard to the Congo (Hochschild, 1999). For a more contemporary perspective (Humes, 2014) the changing construction and face of the Belgian Federal state and the complex system of devolved regions (such as the Brussels metropolitan one) and the language communities in Belgium (for Brussels especially the Flemish and Francophone ones) can be introduced, with the tensions -in particular financial -between the Flemish and Walloon regions (Brans & De Winter, 2013;Deschouver, 2012).…”

Abraham Kuyper: Calvinist Anti‐Revolutionary Politician and Political Thinker

“…43 When Kuyper entered parliament, he arrived as an already powerful public figure and managed to unite the previously disparate anti-revolutionary parliamentarians around a common political stance. 48 Kuyper's enormous organisational and campaigning skills were evident in both the organisation of the party, and the extraordinary petition he was able to have presented to the King in response to the education bill. 45 Kuyper began drafting an "Anti-Revolutionary Party" programme in these early years in the parliament, starting the move toward a mass Christian political party.…”

“…62 While not diverse in the "multicultural" sense that the West experiences today, Dutch society was divided along diverse confessional and political lines. His own context, latenineteenth-and early-twentieth-century Holland, was one of considerable religious and cultural diversity.…”

“…152 Parallel education systems were in place, but the struggle continued. 154 Kuyper was ultimately not in favour of state funding for schools at all. As a result, the cost of providing schooling was raised considerably, and independent schools were strangled into seeking state support in order to stay in business.…”

“…His ideal was a school paid for by the parents, without intervention or assistance from the government. 159 Progress was made in a Kuyperian direction in 1887 when a constitutional reform saw the ban lifted on state funding for religious schools. Yet, it was the raised costs of education as result of the Education Act of 1878 which forced Kuyper into action.…”