A history of research on yeasts 12: medical yeasts part 1, <i>Candida albicans</i>

Barnett, James A.

doi:10.1002/yea.1595

Cited by 53 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 215 publications

(121 reference statements)

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“…andida albicans is a pleomorphic fungus that colonizes the gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary mucosal surfaces of humans, persisting in these niches as a commensal in up to 60% of healthy individuals (5,50). Alterations in host immunity, bacterial flora or local environmental factors, such as oral salivary flow, are believed to determine C. albicans transition from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen, capable of causing a wide range of superficial mucosal or life-threatening systemic infections (10,36,44).…”

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confidence: 99%

Synergistic Interaction between Candida albicans and Commensal Oral Streptococci in a Novel In Vitro Mucosal Model

et al. 2012

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Candida albicans is a commensal colonizer of the gastrointestinal tract of humans, where it coexists with highly diverse bacterial communities. It is not clear whether this interaction limits or promotes the potential of C. albicans to become an opportunistic pathogen. Here we investigate the interaction between C. albicans and three species of streptococci from the viridans group, which are ubiquitous and abundant oral commensal bacteria. The ability of C. albicans to form biofilms with Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguinis, or Streptococcus gordonii was investigated using flow cell devices that allow abiotic biofilm formation under salivary flow. In addition, we designed a novel flow cell system that allows mucosal biofilm formation under conditions that mimic the environment in the oral and esophageal mucosae. It was observed that C. albicans and streptococci formed a synergistic partnership where C. albicans promoted the ability of streptococci to form biofilms on abiotic surfaces or on the surface of an oral mucosa analogue. The increased ability of streptococci to form biofilms in the presence of C. albicans could not be explained by a growth-stimulatory effect since the streptococci were unaffected in their growth in planktonic coculture with C. albicans. Conversely, the presence of streptococci increased the ability of C. albicans to invade organotypic models of the oral and esophageal mucosae under conditions of salivary flow. Moreover, characterization of mucosal invasion by the biofilm microorganisms suggested that the esophageal mucosa is more permissive to invasion than the oral mucosa. In summary, C. albicans and commensal oral streptococci display a synergistic interaction with implications for the pathogenic potential of C. albicans in the upper gastrointestinal tract.

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confidence: 99%

Synergistic Interaction between Candida albicans and Commensal Oral Streptococci in a Novel In Vitro Mucosal Model

et al. 2012

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“…The morphological transition, adhesion, biofilm formation, phenotype switching, and production of hydrolytic enzymes are involved in virulence of these fungi [1][2][3][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Genes belonging to the SAP family (SAP1-10) encode secreted aspartyl proteases (hydrolytic enzymes) which may contribute to colonization and infection by degrading components of host cell membranes [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The expression of the Candida albicans gene SAP4 during hyphal formation in human serum and in adhesion to monolayer cell culture of colorectal carcinoma Caco-2 (ATCC)

et al. 2014

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Candida albicans SAP4 gene encodes secretory aspartyl protease Sap4 which is involved in hyphae formation and virulence. Transcriptional factors Cph1 and Efg1 govern the expression of several C. albicans genes and contribute to morphogenesis. We investigated the expression of SAP4 in C. albicans clinical isolate and mutants lacking Efg1 or/ and Cph1 grown in human serum and during contact with Caco-2 cell line. mRNA was analyzed with the use of RT-PCR; relative quantification was normalized against an ACT1 in cells after 18-h growth either in serum or on monolayer as well as in their counterparts in YEPD medium. We assessed the role of Sap4, Efg1 and Cph1 in adhesion of C. albicans to epithelial cells. Additionally, adherence assay was performed with sap4/sap4. Adhesion was expressed as a percent of adherent cells to monolayer at 90 min vs. total cells added (100%). No differences were observed in adhesion of efg1/efg1 and sap4/sap4 compared with SC5314 (P≥0.05 statisitically insignificant). SAP4 expression indicated that it is not involved in adapting to the tested conditions. SAP4 expression can be strainspecific and is not solely controlled by the Efg1 pathway but also by the Cph1 pathway. Neither Efg1 nor Sap4 can influence adhesion.

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“…However, the overuse and long-term treatment with FLC have resulted in the emergence of resistance in C. albicans 7 - 10 . It is remaining largely mysterious toward the drug resistance mechanism and the pathways of virulence and pathogenesis in C. albicans 11 - 14 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular genetic techniques for gene manipulation inCandida albicans

Yan

et al. 2014

Virulence

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Candida albicans is one of the most common fungal pathogen in humans due to its high frequency as an opportunistic and pathogenic fungus causing superficial as well as invasive infections in immunocompromised patients. An understanding of gene function in C. albicans is necessary to study the molecular basis of its pathogenesis, virulence and drug resistance. Several manipulation techniques have been used for investigation of gene function in C. albicans, including gene disruption, controlled gene expression, protein tagging, gene reintegration, and overexpression. In this review, the main cassettes containing selectable markers used for gene manipulation in C. albicans are summarized; the advantages and limitations of these cassettes are discussed concerning the influences on the target gene expression and the virulence of the mutant strains.

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A history of research on yeasts 12: medical yeasts part 1, Candida albicans

Cited by 53 publications

References 215 publications

Synergistic Interaction between Candida albicans and Commensal Oral Streptococci in a Novel In Vitro Mucosal Model

Synergistic Interaction between Candida albicans and Commensal Oral Streptococci in a Novel In Vitro Mucosal Model

The expression of the Candida albicans gene SAP4 during hyphal formation in human serum and in adhesion to monolayer cell culture of colorectal carcinoma Caco-2 (ATCC)

Molecular genetic techniques for gene manipulation inCandida albicans

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