A History of Pregnancy in Christianity

Stensvold, Anne

doi:10.4324/9780203798898

Cited by 13 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…These SI fungicides are chemically similar to medical triazoles, target various parts of the same metabolic pathway for ergosterol biosynthesis and have different active doses. Triazole derivatives are unique in that they are the only class of antifungals that are used both in the environment and in medicine [5,17,18]. The volume of SI fungicides sold almost doubled between 1995 and 2007 to 130 000 kg per year in the Netherlands alone, against a yearly use of around 400 kg of medical triazoles [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second route to resistance is through exposure of A. fumigatus to SI fungicides used in the environment, which could give rise to cross-resistance to medical triazoles. On the basis of the shared mechanism for resistance, several studies have argued that SI fungicides used in the environment can select for crossresistance to medical triazoles [5,18,23,24]. For instance, Snelders et al [5] discussed the highly resistant strain (isolated from a medical environment) carrying the mutations TR 34 / L98H that showed resistance both to SI fungicides and to medical triazoles, which target the same active sites the CYP51 enzyme enzymes of the ergosterol pathway of A. fumigatus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evolution of cross-resistance to medical triazoles inAspergillus fumigatusthrough selection pressure of environmental fungicides

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Resistance to medical triazoles in is an emerging problem for patients at risk of aspergillus diseases. There are currently two presumed routes for medical triazole-resistance selection: (i) through selection pressure of medical triazoles when treating patients and (ii) through selection pressure from non-medical sterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting (SI) triazole fungicides which are used in the environment. Previous studies have suggested that SI fungicides can induce cross-resistance to medical triazoles. Therefore, to assess the potential of selection of resistance to medical triazoles in the environment, we assessed cross-resistance to three medical triazoles in lineages of from previous work where we applied an experimental evolution approach with one of five different SI fungicides to select for resistance. In our evolved lines we found widespread cross-resistance indicating that resistance to medical triazoles rapidly arises through selection pressure of SI fungicides. All evolved lineages showed similar evolutionary dynamics to SI fungicides and medical triazoles, which suggests that the mutations inducing resistance to both SI fungicides and medical triazoles are likely to be the same. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that a variety of mutations were putatively involved in the resistance mechanism, some of which are in known target genes.

show abstract