A history of atmospheric tritium gas (HT) 1950-2002

Happell, James D.; Östlund, Göte; Mason, Allen S.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2004.00103.x

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Fig. 8 plots data for atmospheric tritium concentration found in the literature (Östlund and Mason, 1985;Okai and Takashima, 1989;Okai et al, 1996Okai et al, , 1999Shinotsuka et al, 2003;Happell et al, 2004;Momoshima et al, 2007;Uda et al, 2008). The presently obtained atmospheric HT and CH 3 T concentrations were most similar to the recently reported values at Toki by Uda et al (2008).…”

Section: Atmospheric Hto Ht and Ch 3 T Concentrationssupporting

confidence: 80%

“…After the atmospheric HT concentration reached above 100 mBq m 3 in the early 1960's, it gradually decreased in the late 1970's to 1990's. Mason and Östlund (1979) estimated that the apparent half-life of atmospheric HT measured at Miami during 1968e1978 was 4.8 y, and data during the 1980s and 1990s followed this declining trend (Happell et al, 2004). Okai et al (1999) also reported that the apparent half-lives of HT at Fukuoka were 6.5 y for 1988e1992 and 10 y for 1988e1995.…”

Section: Atmospheric Hto Ht and Ch 3 T Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tritium concentrations in the atmospheric environment at Rokkasho, Japan before the final testing of the spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant

Akata

Kakiuchi

Shima³

et al. 2011

Journal of Environmental Radioactivity

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Section: Atmospheric Hto Ht and Ch 3 T Concentrationssupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Atmospheric Hto Ht and Ch 3 T Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tritium concentrations in the atmospheric environment at Rokkasho, Japan before the final testing of the spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant

Akata

Kakiuchi

Shima³

et al. 2011

Journal of Environmental Radioactivity

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“…In 1968,Östlund and Mason started a program using a different sampling technique that measured HT regularly at a number of surface stations (Östlund and Mason, 1974). The measurements at Miami are published until 2002, so that a fairly complete history of the T content in tropospheric H 2 can be constructed (Happell et al, 2004). It shows that the T content continued to increase reaching a broad maximum of about 2.6 × 10 6 TU in 1975.…”

Section: Trend In Htmentioning

confidence: 99%

The tropospheric cycle of H<sub>2</sub>: a critical review

Ehhalt¹,

Rohrer

2009

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

199

131

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A B S T R A C TThe literature on the distribution, budget and isotope content of molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) in the troposphere is critically reviewed. The global distribution of H 2 is reasonably well established and is relatively uniform. The surface measurements exhibit a weak latitudinal gradient with 3% higher concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere and seasonal variations that maximize in arctic latitudes and the interior of continents with peak-to-peak amplitudes up to 10%. There is no evidence for a continuous long-term trend, but older data suggest a reversal of the interhemispheric gradient in the late 1970s, and an increase in the deuterium content of H 2 in the Northern Hemisphere from 80 standard mean ocean water (SMOW) in the 1970s to 130 today. The current budget analyses can be divided in two classes: bottom up, in which the source and sink terms are estimated separately based on emission factors and turnovers of precursors and on global integration of regional loss rates, respectively. That category includes the analyses by 3-D models and furnishes tropospheric turnovers around 75 Tg H 2 yr −1 . The other approach, referred to as top down, relies on inverse modelling or analysis of the deuterium budget of tropospheric H 2 . These provide a global turnover of about 105 Tg H 2 yr −1 . The difference is due to a much larger sink strength by soil uptake and a much larger H 2 production from the photochemical oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the case of the top down approaches. The balance of evidence seems to favour the lower estimates-mainly due to the constraint placed by the global CO budget on the H 2 production from VOC. An update of the major source and sink terms yields: fossil fuel use 11 ± 4 Tg H 2 yr −1 ; biomass burning (including bio-fuel) 15 ± 6 Tg H 2 yr −1 ; nitrogen fixation (ocean) 6 ± 3 Tg H 2 yr −1 ; nitrogen fixation (land) 3 ± 2 Tg H 2 yr −1 ; photochemical production from CH 4 23 ± 8 Tg H 2 yr −1 and photochemical production from other VOC 18 ± 7 Tg H 2 yr −1 . The loss through reaction of H 2 with OH is 19 ± 5 Tg H 2 yr −1 , and soil uptake 60Tg H 2 yr −1 . All these rates are well within the ranges of the corresponding bottom up estimates in the literature. The total loss of 79 Tg H 2 yr −1 combined with a tropospheric burden of 155 Tg H 2 yields a tropospheric H 2 lifetime of 2 yr. Besides these major sources of H 2 , there are a number of minor ones with source strengths <1 Tg H 2 yr −1 . Rough estimates for these are also given.

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“…2b). This is due to the presence of tritogenic He, originating from the copious amounts of tritium released into the atmosphere as a result of nuclear weapons testing from the 1950s to 1980s (Happell et al, 2004). This indicates that the water emanating from these springs is less than 50 years old.…”

Section: Heliummentioning

confidence: 99%

He and Ne as tracers of natural CO2 migration up a fault from a deep reservoir

Gilfillan

Wilkinson

Haszeldine

et al. 2011

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

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Capture and geological storage of CO2 is emerging as an attractive means of economically abating anthropogenic CO2 emissions from point sources. However, for the technology to be widely deployed it is essential that a reliable means to assess a site for both storage performance and regulation compliance exists. Hence, the ability to identify the origin of any CO2 seepage measured at the near-surface and ground surface and determine if it originates from a deep storage site or a different source is critical. As an analogue for post-emplacement seepage, here we examine natural CO2 rich springs and groundwater wells in the vicinity of the St. Johns Dome CO2 reservoir located on the border of Mid-Arizona/New Mexico, USA. Extensive travertine deposits in the region document a long history of migration of CO2 rich fluids to the surface. The presence of CO2 rich fluids today are indicated by high levels of HCO3− in surface spring and groundwater well waters. We document measurements of dissolved noble gases and carbon isotopes from these springs and wells. We show that a component of the He fingerprint measured in gaseous CO2 sampled in the deep reservoir, can be traced along a fault plane to occur in waters from both groundwater wells and the majority of springs emerging at the surface above the reservoir. Our results show for the first time that CO2 can be fingerprinted from source to surface using noble gases and illustrates that this technique could be used to identify dissolved CO2 migration from engineered storage sites

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A history of atmospheric tritium gas (HT) 1950-2002

Cited by 13 publications

References 29 publications

Tritium concentrations in the atmospheric environment at Rokkasho, Japan before the final testing of the spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant

Tritium concentrations in the atmospheric environment at Rokkasho, Japan before the final testing of the spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant

The tropospheric cycle of H<sub>2</sub>: a critical review

He and Ne as tracers of natural CO2 migration up a fault from a deep reservoir

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