A Historical Review of the Benefits and Hypothetical Risks of Disinfecting Drinking Water by Chlorination

Cheung, Philip C.W.

doi:10.5296/jee.v8i1.11338

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…This is mirrored by the results of others researching the health hazards of disinfection by-products. Studies show an increased risk of bladder and possibly colon cancer in people who consume chlorinated water for 35 years or more [36][37][38]. Also, Health Canada [39] report studies on humans found a link between long-term exposure to high levels of disinfection by-products, including a higher risk of developing cancer.…”

Section: Water Security As Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Indigenous Perspectives on Water Security in Saskatchewan, Canada

Awume

Patrick

Baijius

2020

Water

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The term “water security” continues to gain traction in water resources literature with broad application to human health, water quality, and sustainability of water supply. These western science applications focus almost exclusively on the material value of water for human uses and activities. This paper offers voice to other interpretations of water security based on semi-structured interviews with Indigenous participants representing varied backgrounds and communities from Saskatchewan, a Canadian prairie province. The results indicate that water security from an Indigenous perspective embraces much more than the material value of water. Five themes emerged from this research that speak to a more holistic framing of water security to include water as a life form, water and the spirit world, women as water-keepers, water and human ethics, and water in Indigenous culture. This broader interpretation provides a more nuanced understanding of water security, which serves to enrich the water security narrative while educating western science.

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Section: Water Security As Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Indigenous Perspectives on Water Security in Saskatchewan, Canada

Awume

Patrick

Baijius

2020

Water

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“…These effects have been observed in a large number of people (Ayotte et al, 2017). People who consume water that have arsenic concentrations of 50 g/l or lower have been linked to an increased risk of lung and bladder cancer as well as skin changes (Cheung, 2017).…”

Section: Heavy Metals Content and Ph Values In Stream Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollution Evaluation and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Stream Water at East Akim Municipal Assembly, Ghana

Amankwah¹,

Baah²,

Acheampong³

2022

Env.cont.Reviews

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Water contamination with toxic chemicals such as heavy metals continue to rise globally and particularly in developing countries due to mining, urbanization, and industrialization. In this study, a total of 10 stream water samples were collected from the mining environment. Physicochemical parameters such as pH and heavy metals; arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) were examined using standard procedures. The study assessed heavy metals concentrations, evaluated the pollution indices, and the health risk (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) for the populace (both adult and child) through direct oral intake and dermal contact of stream water in East Akim Municipal Assembly. The results of the concentrations of As (0.114 mg/kg), Cr (0.00000605 mg/kg), Ni (0.025 mg/kg), and Pb (0.257 mg/kg) revealed that they were within acceptable limits prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO) and Water guidelines. Heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) and degree of contamination (Cd) values obtained indicated that all the examined samples were categorized as low (Cd < 1 and HEI < 10). Non-carcinogenic risk indicated that stream water consumption via ingestion and dermal pathways were below the oral reference dose for their respective heavy metals indicating that both age groups may be ingesting safe levels of heavy metals. Furthermore, the non-carcinogenic risk assessment suggest that children are more susceptible to health threats than adults considering both exposure pathways. Also, the hazard quotient and hazard index were < 1 inferring that there is a tolerable degree of non-carcinogenic health risk for both adults and children in the research area. In addition, average values (1.86×10-5 and 7.12×10-5 for adults and children) obtained for the assessment of cancer risk (CR) for CRingestion were within the safe range of 1×10-6 to 1×10-4 while CRdermal contact average values (4.52×10-8 and 2.53×10-7 for adults and children) were above the range recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency. Regardless of the relatively safe indices recorded, precautionary measures are necessary to sustain the aquatic ecosystem and its quality. Efforts must be made to ensure that heavy metals that can pose health risks even in their low concentrations are monitored and kept as low as possible to ensure safety and reduced human health risks.

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“…However, these mechanisms are not efficient against cysts and oocysts of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp., since they are highly resistant (Cheung, 2017). Other Alinne Petris et al disinfection mechanisms are the use of ozone and ultraviolet (UV) radiation.…”

Section: Microbiological Analysis Of Filter Backwash Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical, microbiological and parasitological characterization of the filter backwash water from a water treatment plant of Blumenau - SC and alternatives for treatment and reuse

Petris¹,

Gonçalves²,

Roratto³

et al. 2019

Rev. ambiente água

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Filter Backwash Water (FBW) from water treatment plants (WTP) is composed of raw water waste, chemicals and microorganisms. Inappropriate disposal of this residue impacts negatively in the environment and in the health of human populations. Aiming to characterize the FBW from one WTP of Blumenau-SC, physiochemical, microbiological and parasitological assessments and tests with different flocculants polymers were performed in order to propose strategies for treatment and reuse of this residue. Subsequently treated liquid is discharged into the Itajaí-Açu River (Class 2). Physicochemical and microbiological analyses showed results higher than those permitted by CONAMA Resolution n° 430/2011 and Giardia duodenalis (Assembly B) cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocyst positivity was observed, characterizing as polluted and contaminated residue that shouldn't be released in the hydric body. The anionic flocculant polymer showed satisfactory results in the turbidity sample reduction (99.49%), which may be a promising alternative in the treatment of this residue.

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A Historical Review of the Benefits and Hypothetical Risks of Disinfecting Drinking Water by Chlorination

Cited by 13 publications

References 27 publications

Indigenous Perspectives on Water Security in Saskatchewan, Canada

Indigenous Perspectives on Water Security in Saskatchewan, Canada

Pollution Evaluation and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Stream Water at East Akim Municipal Assembly, Ghana

Physicochemical, microbiological and parasitological characterization of the filter backwash water from a water treatment plant of Blumenau - SC and alternatives for treatment and reuse

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