A Historical Metamorphosis of Physical Education and Extra-curricular School Sport Activities in Chatsworth, Durban, South Africa (1960–2020)

Abstract

Chatsworth is a township, which was consciously designed by the South African apartheid government in order to suppress its residents’ educational, social, financial, spiritual, and physical development. The primary aim of this article is to chronologically describe the history of Physical Education and extra-curricular school sport from 1960 to 2020, in the community of Chatsworth, through review of national, provincial, and local educational policies and extra-curricular school sport management structures. A narrative literature surveillance was completed using Google Scholar and Sabinet. Key search terms were “Chatsworth,” “physical education,” and “school sport.” The search identified 2050 records, of which only six were ultimately included. The records were assessed for researcher, bias employing a modified Downs and Black Appraisal scale. Due to the paucity of literature recounting the history of Chatsworth’s Physical Education and extra-curricular school sport, interviews were conducted with two proponent Chatsworth physical education teachers. The article describes the national and provincial education curriculum reforms that influenced Physical Education and extra-curricular school sport in Chatsworth.

The Impact of COVID-19-Related Mitigation Measures on the Health and Fitness Status of Primary School Children in Austria: A Longitudinal Study with Data from 708 Children Measured before and during the Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic

“…Subsequently, cardiorespiratory endurance has also been characterized as a strong health marker, as increased cardiorespiratory endurance is associated with healthier bodyweight and waist circumference [ 27 ]. Several different national (e.g., in Germany [ 28 ], Slovenia [ 29 ], the USA [ 30 ], Australia and Finland [ 31 ], and South Africa [ 32 ]) and international (e.g., the “Daily Mile” project ( , 5 March 2022) [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]) interventions have been implemented to increase public awareness, with outcomes showing a trend reversal in physical fitness levels [ 28 , 29 ].…”