A histological study of hollow heart of potatoes

Levitt, J.

doi:10.1007/bf02850095

Cited by 32 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…These are the cultivars for which tuber calcium concentrations were intermediate to high (Table 3). Localized deficiencies in calcium have been associated with medullary and cortical cell death, or tissue necrosis as sometimes called brown center or internal brown spot (Bangerth, 1979;Collier et al, 1980;Levitt, 1942). Because both the internal brown spot and bruise involve similar discoloration of tuber tissue, we suggest that localized calcium deficiencies may also contribute to heightened bruise potential.…”

Section: Relationship Between Incidence Of Bruise and Internal Brown mentioning

confidence: 86%

“…In support of this, tyrosine concentration and phenolase (an enzyme whose activity is associated with bruise) activity were also found to be decreased by increases in tuber tissue calcium (Mapson et al, 1963). Localized deficiencies in calcium have also been associated with tissue necrosis such as brown center or internal brown spot (Bangerth, 1979;Collier et al, 1980;Levitt, 1942).…”

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confidence: 83%

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Enhancing Tuber Calcium Concentration May Reduce Incidence of Blackspot Bruise Injury in Potatoes

Karlsson¹,

Palta²,

Crump³

2006

HortSci

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Our previous research has provided evidence that in-season calcium applications can increase tuber calcium and improve tuber quality with reduced internal defects.To determine if increasing the tuber calcium concentration also mitigates tuber bruise incidence, five commercially relevant potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars (ÔRusset BurbankÕ, ÔAtlanticÕ, ÔSnowdenÕ, ÔSuperiorÕ, and ÔDark Red NorlandÕ) were grown during three seasons, 1999-2001. Three split applications of a calcium/nitrogen water soluble blend totaling 168 kgÁha -1 calcium were made starting at hilling. All plots, including controls, received an equal amount of total nitrogen in a season. Tubers were allowed to be bruised during normal machine harvest standard to commercial production in Wisconsin. Over 100 tubers from each replication (5-10 replications/treatment) were cut and examined for the incidences of bruise and internal brown spot. Paired samples of medullary tissue were taken for measuring calcium concentration. As expected, tuber tissue calcium concentration increased significantly, in all cultivars and in all years, with in-season calcium application. Bruise incidence varied among cultivars and seasons. Although tuber calcium concentration varied among seasons, ÔAtlanticÕ and ÔSnowdenÕ consistently had the lowest calcium concentration, whereas ÔSuperiorÕ and ÔDark Red NorlandÕ consistently had the highest calcium concentration. Meta-analysis of pooled data for three years showed that blackspot bruise incidence was significantly reduced with calcium application in ÔAtlanticÕ, ÔBurbankÕ, and ÔSnowdenÕ. On the other hand, ÔDark Red NorlandÕ and ÔSuperiorÕ had low incidence of bruise and were unaffected by calcium applications. Regression analyses of pooled data from all cultivars for three years revealed a significant quadratic relationship between blackspot bruise and tuber tissue calcium as well as between blackspot bruise and internal brown spot. A linear to plateau plot of medullary calcium concentration versus blackspot bruise incidence revealed that bruise incidence is minimized between 200 and 250 mg/kg (dry wt) -1 tuber calcium concentration. To our knowledge, ours is the first study providing evidence for reducing bruise by improving tuber calcium. Variations in the bruise incidences among cultivars generally followed tuber calcium concentration suggesting a genetic control. Given the role of calcium in improved membrane health and enhanced wall structure, and as a modulator of physiological responses, it is not surprising that internal brown spot and bruise incidences are reduced by in-season application to calcium-deficient cultivars.

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Section: Relationship Between Incidence Of Bruise and Internal Brown mentioning

confidence: 86%

mentioning

confidence: 83%

Enhancing Tuber Calcium Concentration May Reduce Incidence of Blackspot Bruise Injury in Potatoes

Karlsson¹,

Palta²,

Crump³

2006

HortSci

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“…Localized tissue Ca deficiencies are implicated as a mechanism initiating cell death and tissue necrosis (Bangerth, 1979;Collier et al, 1980;Levitt, 1942;Olsen et al, 1996). Necrotic lesions in potato tubers referred to as brown center, internal brown spot, internal heat necrosis, and internal rust spot may also Increases in plant tissue Ca concentration are more likely to result from altered flux of Ca in xylem sap than from increasing Ca supply to roots (Kirkby, 1979;Marschner, 1995).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tuber Ca levels were affected by the Ca supply to the region containing be induced or exacerbated by temperature and/or moisture stress (Olsen et al, 1996;Van Denburgh et al, 1979Win et al, 1991). Small necrotic lesions in pith tissue of immature tubers may initiate the development of large, often irregularly shaped cavities in pith tissue referred to as hollow heart (Crumbly, 1970;Dinkel, 1960;Levitt, 1942). Disproportionate and inconsistent tuber and plant growth rates after certain cultural practices also may exacerbate the incidences of hollow heart (Rex and Mazza, 1989).…”

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confidence: 99%

Impact of Source and Timing of Calcium and Nitrogen Applications on `Atlantic' Potato Tuber Calcium Concentrations and Internal Quality

Kleinhenz¹,

Palta²,

Gunter³

et al. 1999

jashs

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Three Ca sources and two application schedules were compared for their effectiveness for increasing tissue Ca concentrations in 170 to 284 g field-grown tubers of `Atlantic' potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Additional observations were made of internal physiological defects. Paired measures of tissue (periderm and nonperiderm) Ca concentration and internal quality (±hollow heart, ±internal brown spot) were made on individual tubers produced in plots fertilized with N at 224 kg·ha-1 and Ca at either 0 or 168 kg·ha-1, supplied from either gypsum, calcium nitrate or NHIB (9N-0P-0K-11Ca, a commercial formulation of urea and CaCl2). Application of N and Ca at emergence and hilling (nonsplit) was compared to application at emergence, hilling, and 4 and 8 weeks after hilling (split). Tuber yield and grade were unaffected by treatments. Split Ca application (from either calcium nitrate or NHIB) increased mean tuber nonperiderm tissue Ca concentrations and the percentage of tubers with an elevated Ca concentration in both years compared with non-Ca-supplemented controls. Split Ca application also resulted in greater increases in Ca in nonperiderm tissue than nonsplit Ca application in 1994. Although the correlation coefficient between Ca level in periderm and nonperiderm tissue of >400 individual tubers was highly significant in both study years, linear regression analyses suggested the Ca level in the two tissues were poorly related. Split application was associated with a 37% reduction in the incidence of internal tuber defects, relative to nonsplit application in 1994. Calcium application did not affect tuber internal quality based on means analysis, but chi-square analysis suggested that Ca concentration and internal quality of individual tubers may be related. The incidence of internal defects was 16.4% in tubers with nonperiderm tissue Ca >100 μg·g-1 dry weight compared to 10.6% in tubers with nonperiderm tissue Ca >100 μg·g-1 dry weight. These data suggest that 1) it is feasible to increase tuber Ca levels by field applications of moderate amounts of Ca, 2) tuber quality is impacted by N and Ca application schedule, and 3) Ca concentrations in tuber periderm and nonperiderm tissues may be controlled independently.

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“…Localized deficiency in Ca has been associated with tissue necrosis such as brown center and internal brown spot (Bangerth 1979;Collier et al 1980;Levitt 1942). Potato tubers can compensate for some of this Ca deficiency by uptake of Ca from the soil solution via roots on stolons and tubers (Kratzke and Palta 1985;Marschner 1995;Busse and Palta 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Exchangeable Soil Calcium May Not Reliably Predict In-season Calcium Requirements for Enhancing Potato Tuber Calcium Concentration

Gunter

Palta

2008

Am. J. Pot Res

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Previous research has provided evidence that Ca is transported to the tuber along with water via the roots on stolons and tubers. Several studies have documented that in-season Ca application can increase tuber Ca concentration and reduce storage rot and internal defects such as hollow heart, brown center, and internal brown spot. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between preplant soil test Ca levels and the tuber Ca concentration. Recommendation for Ca application in potato production guides are not necessarily geared towards tubers unique nutritional needs. In general, for potato production, Ca applications are recommended only if pre-plant soil exchangeable Ca is below 300 mg kg −1 . Studies were conducted in two soil types, namely loamy sand (Hancock location) and silt loam (Antigo location). The pre-plant soil Ca for the loamy sand tested at 285-563 mg kg −1 and the silt loam tested at 530-1,340 mg kg −1 of exchangeable Ca. Five cultivars were grown with or without in-season Ca applications of 168 kg ha −1 . At Hancock, 30 separate trials were conducted between the years 1999-2006, whereas at Antigo, 15 separate trials were conducted between the years 1995-1998. The tuber Ca concentration increased in 38 of the 45 total trials carried out in both locations. This increase in tuber Ca concentration varied among cultivars and seasons but had no relationship with soil Ca. This increase in tuber CA concentration occurred even when pre-season exchangeable Ca tested at over 1,000 mg kg −1 . These results suggest that testing for exchangeable Ca in these soils is not a good (or reliable) predictor of tuber Ca needs.Resumen Investigaciones recientes han proporcionado evidencias que calcio es transportado a los tubérculos junto con el agua mediante las raíces de los estolones y de los tubérculos. Varios estudios han documentado que aplicando calcio durante el período de crecimiento puede incrementar la concentración de calcio en el tubérculo y reducir los problemas de pudrición durante el almacenamiento, así como los defectos internos conocidos como corazón hueco (hollow heart), centro pardo (brown center) y mancha parda (internal brown spot). El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar la relación entre los niveles de calcio del suelo antes de plantar y la concentración de calcio en el tubérculo. Las recomendaciones para la aplicación de calcio, encontradas en las guías de producción de papa, no son necesariamente hechas de acuerdo a las necesidades nutricionales de los tubérculos. En general, para la producción de papa, la aplicación de calcio es recomendable solamente si el calcio con naturaleza química intercambiable presente en el suelo antes de plantar, es menor de 300 mg kg −1 . Se llevaron a cabo estudios en dos tipos de suelo, arenoso (Hancock) y sedimentario (Antigo). El análisis del suelo arenoso antes de plantar arrojó un valor de 285 mg kg −1 y, el suelo sedimentario de 530-1,340 mg kg −1 de calcio intercambiable. Cinco variedades fueron cultivadas con y sin la apl...

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A histological study of hollow heart of potatoes

Cited by 32 publications

References 2 publications

Enhancing Tuber Calcium Concentration May Reduce Incidence of Blackspot Bruise Injury in Potatoes

Enhancing Tuber Calcium Concentration May Reduce Incidence of Blackspot Bruise Injury in Potatoes

Impact of Source and Timing of Calcium and Nitrogen Applications on `Atlantic' Potato Tuber Calcium Concentrations and Internal Quality

Exchangeable Soil Calcium May Not Reliably Predict In-season Calcium Requirements for Enhancing Potato Tuber Calcium Concentration

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