A highly sensitive electrochemical sensing probe incorporating classical Berthelot's reaction and glassy carbon electrode for measuring ultra-trace levels of ammonia/ NH4+ in water

Development and Characterization of a Sol–Gel-Functionalized Glass Carbon Electrode Probe for Sensing Ultra-Trace Amounts of NH3 and NH4+ in Water

“…The Ads SW–ASV offers many advantages over the common electrochemical techniques, e.g., CV, normal pulse voltammetry (NPV), and DPV, since the waveform is a series of pulses growing along a linear baseline, whereas the current signal is measured in a forward pulse and reverse pulses [ 22 , 38 ]. As the efficiency of the established sol–gel/GCE may be affected by both the coating fabrication conditions (sol–gel concentration and deposition time) and the electrochemical sensing parameters (nature of the supporting electrode, accumulation time, deposition potential, pulse amplitude, frequency, and sweep rate), these critical parameters are individually studied in detail below.…”

“…Analytical grade (AG) chemicals and solvents were used as received. Glassware, low density polyethylene (LDPE) bottles, and electrochemical cells were cleaned as reported [ 22 ]. A stock solution (1000 mgL −1 ) of NH 4 + was prepared by dissolving 0.2972 g anhydrous NH 4 Cl in ultra-pure water.…”

“…Nowadays, designing and constructing electrochemical sensors for the precise detection and monitoring of NH 3 and/or NH 4 + have received great interest [20]. Surfacemodified electrodes (SMEs) have been investigated as potential alternatives to Hg electrodes and bare glassy carbon electrodes [21,22], with promising results being achieved. SMEcoupled stripping methods are a successful approach in addressing the shortcomings in current methodologies of trace analysis of various complex species [20,[23][24][25].…”

“…Sol–gel-derived polymer-modified silica have been used for environmental remediation due to their availability, high SSAs, easy surface functionalization, and ability to capture specific pollutants [ 35 , 36 , 37 ]. To the best of our knowledge, no study has to date involved electrochemical determination of NH 3 and/or NH 4 + on sol–gel/GCE or other surface-modified electrodes, particularly those based on Berthelot’s reaction [ 22 ]. Additionally, Ads SW–ASV accompanying the accumulation steps to enrich the analyte into or onto the modified electrode that is oxidized in the current measurement step can indorse the analytical sensitivity [ 22 , 36 ].…”

“…To the best of our knowledge, no study has to date involved electrochemical determination of NH 3 and/or NH 4 + on sol–gel/GCE or other surface-modified electrodes, particularly those based on Berthelot’s reaction [ 22 ]. Additionally, Ads SW–ASV accompanying the accumulation steps to enrich the analyte into or onto the modified electrode that is oxidized in the current measurement step can indorse the analytical sensitivity [ 22 , 36 ]. With this background in mind, a sol–gel-functionalized GCE probe may be an ideal and sustainable approach for the detection of NH 3 and/or NH 4 + .…”