A Higher Significance of Anaerobes

Kawanami, Toshinori; Fukuda, Kazumasa; Yatera, Kazuhiro; Kido, Masamitsu; Mukae, Hiroshi; Taniguchi, Hatsumi

doi:10.1378/chest.10-0460

Cited by 58 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…However, the Prevotella genus was detected in only 18 samples (31.0%) of 9 subjects (sample No. 2,4,7,17,18,25,26,27,28). Interestingly, all 9 subjects from whom the genus Prevotella was detected were the same subjects across the 5 months interval.…”

Section: Bacteria Counts and The Composition Of Genus In Fecal Microbmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…16,18) Using the extracted DNA as a template, a fragment of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acids (rRNAs) gene (550 bp) was amplified with universal primers, E341F (5Ј-CCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3Ј) and E907R (5Ј-CCGT-CAATTCMTTTRAGTTT-3Ј).…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have designed a convenient clone library method to analyze 96 clones from each sample and evaluated the dominated bacterial composition. [16][17][18] Until now, the small number of fecal samples of Japanese healthy adults was analyzed, 8,9) and Japanese fecal microbiotas have not been analyzed enough yet.In this study, using our clone library method, we analyzed microbiota of 58 fecal specimens, which were collected twice at an interval of 5 months from 29 healthy Japanese adult volunteers. Based on these data, an effect of antibiotic treatment of beta-lactam and macrolide on fecal microbiota was evaluated.…”

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Evaluation of Intestinal Microbiotas of Healthy Japanese Adults and Effect of Antibiotics Using the 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Based Clone Library Method

Morotomi

Fukuda

Nakano

et al. 2011

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Intestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem and is mainly dominated by approximately 10 11 obligate anaerobic bacteria (such as the genus Bacteroides and Clostridium) per gram.1) It is said that culturable bacteria compose a fecal flora of only 20-30% despite the progression of the cultivation technology. 2,3) In order to understand a relationship between physical condition of host human and intestinal microbiota, many kinds of culture independent methods such as fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), and clone library method have recently been conducted. 1,[4][5][6] Moreover, large scale and time-consuming molecular analysis like metaHIT using pyrosequencing method has been performed to comprehensively analyze intestinal microbiota.7) These reports showed that intestinal microbiota was unique to the individual, and that it was different even between family members. 3,8,9) From birth to one year old, the infant intestinal microbiota progresses to a mixture of bacteria that is very similar to the adult intestinal microbiota. This is because the infant depended on breast feeding and the children had been independent from breast feeding. 10) Diet is considered one of the main factors contributing to the diversity of human intestinal microbiota.11) Furthermore, antibiotics administration changes distinctly the diversity of the intestinal microbiota and influences on the host metabonome.12) Change of intestinal microbita by antibiotics administration causes an increase of the pathogenic bacteria (such as Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium difficile) [13][14][15] and susceptibility to enteric pathogens.12) If intestinal microbiota is evaluated promptly, it would be useful for medical care and prevention of hospital-acquired infection. We have designed a convenient clone library method to analyze 96 clones from each sample and evaluated the dominated bacterial composition. [16][17][18] Until now, the small number of fecal samples of Japanese healthy adults was analyzed, 8,9) and Japanese fecal microbiotas have not been analyzed enough yet.In this study, using our clone library method, we analyzed microbiota of 58 fecal specimens, which were collected twice at an interval of 5 months from 29 healthy Japanese adult volunteers. Based on these data, an effect of antibiotic treatment of beta-lactam and macrolide on fecal microbiota was evaluated. Intestinal microbiotas of human subjects and effect of antibiotic treatment on them have been reported with cultivation independent methods. However, Japanese fecal microbiotas have not been studied enough. We have constructed a clone library method to obtain results within 3 d. In this study, intestinal microbiotas of 29 healthy Japanese adults, whose fecal samples were collected twice at 5 month intervals from each subject, were analyzed with our clone library method, and using those data as a benchmark effect of antibiotic treatment on intestinal microbiotas was evaluated. The fifty-eight fecal microbiotas were as...

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Section: Bacteria Counts and The Composition Of Genus In Fecal Microbmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Evaluation of Intestinal Microbiotas of Healthy Japanese Adults and Effect of Antibiotics Using the 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Based Clone Library Method

Morotomi

Fukuda

Nakano

et al. 2011

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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“…Prior approaches to bacterial identification by DNA sequencing have included fluorescent Sanger sequencing of hundreds of small variable regions of 16S ribosomal amplimer clones (19,20), length heterogeneity (LH) PCR for 16S ribosomal variable regions (21), restriction fragment polymorphisms in 16S (19,21), arrays with bacterium-specific probes, such as PhyloChip (22,23), and early applications of NGS (24,25). These methods have been applied to various clinical situations, such as the microbiome of suboptimally controlled asthma (22), cystic fibrosis (19,21), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (24,26,27), bronchiectasis (28), pleurisy (20), forensic assessment of drowning (25), and intubated patients (23). These studies have revealed unexpectedly large numbers of bacterial genera in patients with clinical illnesses and in healthy individuals (29,30).…”

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confidence: 99%

Single-Molecule Long-Read 16S Sequencing To Characterize the Lung Microbiome from Mechanically Ventilated Patients with Suspected Pneumonia

et al. 2014

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iIn critically ill patients, the development of pneumonia results in significant morbidity and mortality and additional health care costs. The accurate and rapid identification of the microbial pathogens in patients with pulmonary infections might lead to targeted antimicrobial therapy with potentially fewer adverse effects and lower costs. Major advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) allow culture-independent identification of pathogens. The present study used NGS of essentially full-length PCRamplified 16S ribosomal DNA from the bronchial aspirates of intubated patients with suspected pneumonia. The results from 61 patients demonstrated that sufficient DNA was obtained from 72% of samples, 44% of which (27 samples) yielded PCR amplimers suitable for NGS. Out of the 27 sequenced samples, only 20 had bacterial culture growth, while the microbiological and NGS identification of bacteria coincided in 17 (85%) of these samples. Despite the lack of bacterial growth in 7 samples that yielded amplimers and were sequenced, the NGS identified a number of bacterial species in these samples. Overall, a significant diversity of bacterial species was identified from the same genus as the predominant cultured pathogens. The numbers of NGSidentifiable bacterial genera were consistently higher than identified by standard microbiological methods. As technical advances reduce the processing and sequencing times, NGS-based methods will ultimately be able to provide clinicians with rapid, precise, culture-independent identification of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens and their antimicrobial sensitivity profiles.

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Dual‐center randomized clinical trial exploring the optimal duration of antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy following biliary drainage

Yamamoto

Satoi

Fujii

et al. 2018

Annals of Gastroent Surgery

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ObjectivesThe aim of this dual‐center randomized controlled trial was to determine the optimal duration of antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients treated with pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) who underwent preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) but were without cholangitis.BackgroundSome reports showed that PBD in patients undergoing pancreatectomy increased the rate of perioperative complications. However, no clinical trial has evaluated the optimal duration of antimicrobial prophylaxis with a focus on patients who underwent PD following PBD.MethodsA total of 82 patients who underwent PD between March 2012 and December 2016 were randomly assigned to either a 1‐day group (n = 40), in which cefozopran (CZOP) as antimicrobial prophylaxis was given only on the day of surgery, or a 5‐day group (n = 42), in which CZOP was given for 5 consecutive days beginning on the day of surgery. We evaluated the incidence of infectious and other complications after PD.ResultsOutcomes were significantly better in the 1‐day group compared with the 5‐day group (P < 0.05) in terms of the incidence of overall infectious complications (15% vs 36%, respectively), intra‐abdominal abscess (3% vs 21%, respectively), clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (8% vs 24%, respectively), and Clavien‐Dindo grade III‐V complications (10% vs 31%, respectively). Duration of postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter in the 1‐day group (10 days vs 15 days, P = 0.018). Anaerobic bacteria and methicillin‐resistant cocci were isolated from the drainage fluid only among patients in the 5‐day group.ConclusionSingle‐day prophylactic use of CZOP is appropriate for patients who undergo PD following PBD without preoperative cholangitis.

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A Higher Significance of Anaerobes

Cited by 58 publications

References 32 publications

Evaluation of Intestinal Microbiotas of Healthy Japanese Adults and Effect of Antibiotics Using the 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Based Clone Library Method

Evaluation of Intestinal Microbiotas of Healthy Japanese Adults and Effect of Antibiotics Using the 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Based Clone Library Method

Single-Molecule Long-Read 16S Sequencing To Characterize the Lung Microbiome from Mechanically Ventilated Patients with Suspected Pneumonia

Dual‐center randomized clinical trial exploring the optimal duration of antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy following biliary drainage

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