A high whey protein–, leucine-, and vitamin D–enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial

Verreijen, A.M.; Verlaan, Sjors; Engberink, M.F.; Swinkels, Sophie H. N.; Bosch, Johan de Vogel-van den; Weijs, P.J.M.

doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.090290

Cited by 193 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…However, the inevitable lean tissue mass that is lost using this approach alone renders it undesirable in the already sarcopenic elderly, unless concurrent exercise or appropriate nutritional supplementation is undertaken (Yoshimura et al 2014, Verreijen et al 2015. Although a comprehensive assessment of dietary approaches is out with the scope of this review, it is clear that motivation and compliance can frequently be a major limiting factor in the success of such lifestyle interventions (Evangelista et al 2003).…”

Section: Additional Therapeutic Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin resistance and sarcopenia: mechanistic links between common co-morbidities

Cleasby

Jamieson

Atherton

2016

Journal of Endocrinology

413

296

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Insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle is a key defect mediating the link between obesity and type 2 diabetes, a disease that typically affects people in later life. Sarcopenia (age-related loss of muscle mass and quality) is a risk factor for a number of frailty-related conditions that occur in the elderly. In addition, a syndrome of 'sarcopenic obesity' (SO) is now increasingly recognised, which is common in older people and is applied to individuals that simultaneously show obesity, IR and sarcopenia. Such individuals are at an increased risk of adverse health events compared with those who are obese or sarcopenic alone. However, there are no licenced treatments for sarcopenia or SO, the syndrome is poorly defined clinically and the mechanisms that might explain a common aetiology are not yet well characterised. In this review, we detail the nature and extent of the clinical syndrome, highlight some of the key physiological processes that are dysregulated and discuss some candidate molecular pathways that could be implicated in both metabolic and anabolic defects in skeletal muscle, with an eye towards future therapeutic options. In particular, the potential roles of Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signalling, AMP-activated protein kinase, myostatin, urocortins and vitamin D are discussed. R67-R81 229:2 Muscle insulin resistance and sarcopenia Associations between obesity, diabetes and skeletal muscle ageingThe International Diabetes Federation has estimated that there were 382 million people living with diabetes in 2013, with this number predicted to rise to 592 million by 2035, of which the significant majority would be of >40 years old (IDF 2013). Of these, 90% suffer from type 2 diabetes (T2D), which is characterised by both β-cell failure and resistance to the actions of insulin at the tissue level (insulin resistance, IR). As skeletal muscle is responsible for the majority of the body's postprandial glucose disposal, IR in this tissue results in substantial whole-body metabolic disturbances. However, it is likely that the metabolic disturbances associated with T2D are further exacerbated by the marked loss of skeletal muscle mass that can also be associated with these conditions (Park et al. 2009, Kim et al. 2010. Specifically, loss of muscle mass induces a 2-3% decline in basal metabolic rate per decade after the age of 20 years and 4% per decade after the age of 50 years, resulting from concomitant loss of mitochondrial volume density and oxidative capacity (Conley et al. 2000). Journal of EndocrinologyThis loss of muscle mass in the elderly is also the principal factor responsible for 'frailty', a syndrome that has been clinically defined as the possession of three of: unintentional weight loss (10 pounds (~4.5 kg) in the past year), self-reported exhaustion, weakness (poor grip strength), slow walking speed and low physical activity (Fried et al. 2001). Loss of muscle mass (atrophy) is an inevitable, although somewhat modifiable, process that occurs with ageing (Sayer et al. 2008), w...

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Section: Additional Therapeutic Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin resistance and sarcopenia: mechanistic links between common co-morbidities

Cleasby

Jamieson

Atherton

2016

Journal of Endocrinology

413

296

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“…Six RCTs used a long intervention period of $24 wk, totaling 48-72 sessions (13,19,22,(24)(25)(26); 8 used a medium intervention period of $12 wk but ,24 wk, totaling 24-48 sessions (18,20,21,27,31,33,34,37); and 3 used a short intervention period of ,12 wk, totaling 12-56 sessions (29,30,32). Most of the included RCTs used a training intensity of 50-80% of participants' one repetition maximum (1-RM) (13, 18, 25-27, 30-34, 37).…”

Section: Ret Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of protein supplementation combined with resistance exercise on body composition and physical function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Liao

Tsauo

et al. 2017

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

230

196

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Background: Overweight and obese older people face a high risk of muscle loss and impaired physical function, which may contribute to sarcopenic obesity. Resistance exercise training (RET) has a beneficial effect on muscle protein synthesis and can be augmented by protein supplementation (PS). However, whether body weight affects the augmentation of muscular and functional performance in response to PS in older people undergoing RET remains unclear. Objective: This study was conducted to identify the effects of PS on the body composition and physical function of older people undergoing RET. Design: We performed a comprehensive search of online databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting the efficacy of PS for lean mass gain, strength gain, and physical mobility improvements in older people undergoing RET. Results: We included 17 RCTs; the overall mean 6 SD age and body mass index (BMI; in kg/m 2 ) in these RCTs were 73.4 6 8.1 y and 29.7 6 5.5, respectively. The participants had substantially greater lean mass and leg strength gains when PS and RET were used than with RET alone, with the standard mean differences (SMDs) being 0.58 (95% CI: 0.32, 0.84) and 0.69 (95% CI: 0.39, 0.98), respectively. The subgroup of studies with a mean BMI $30 exhibited substantially greater lean mass (SMD: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.87) and leg strength (SMD: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.42, 1.34) gains in response to PS. The subgroup of studies with a mean BMI ,30 also exhibited relevant gains in response to PS. Conclusions: Compared with RET alone, PS combined with RET may have a stronger effect in preventing aging-related muscle mass attenuation and leg strength loss in older people, which was found in studies with a mean BMI $30 and in studies with a mean BMI ,30. Clinicians could use nutrition supplement and exercise strategies, especially PS plus RET, to effectively improve the physical activity and health status of all older patients.Am J Clin Nutr 2017;106:1078-91.

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“…60 However, dietary proteins have a minimal impact on glycemia and insulin secretion compared to CHOs 61 and a high-quality protein supplementation has been suggested during a weight loss program to preserve muscle mass, to improve glycemic regulation and to maintenaneuglycemia. 62,63 The ten proprietary food tested in the present study are formulated with whey proteins. These, due to their high content of leucine which promotes muscle mass synthesis and their fast digestion and delivery of aminoacids in the circulation, are consequently considered the best type of proteins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These, due to their high content of leucine which promotes muscle mass synthesis and their fast digestion and delivery of aminoacids in the circulation, are consequently considered the best type of proteins. 62 Moreover, whey protein decrease appetite better than other types of proteins 64 and increase satiety through an increase of the release of of CCK and GLP-1 and a reduction of ghrelin levels. 65 The sweet proprietary foods tested in the present study also contained low-calorie sweeteners.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Different High-Protein Low-Carbohydrates Proprietary Foods on Blood Sugar in Healthy Subjects

Lodi

Karsten

Bosco

et al. 2016

Journal of Medicinal Food

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The aim of our work was to analyze the effects on blood sugar through the calculation of the glycemic score (GS) of 10 different high-protein-low-carbohydrates proprietary foods which are commonly used as meals during very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet or during low carbohydrate diet. 14 healthy female tested the glycemic response curve elicited by 1000 Kj of glucose three times within 3 weeks period (1 test each week) compared to each of the 10 test-foods once on separate days twice a week. After determining the GS of each food in each individual, the mean GS of each test food was calculated. All test foods, compared to glucose, produced a significantly lower glycemic response . The GS of all test foods resulted lower than 25 and the difference between the mean glycemia after the intake of glucose (mean 122 ±15 mg/dl) and after the intake of the sweet test foods (mean 89 ± 7 mg/dl) was of 33 mg/dl (P<0.001), whereas that after the intake of glucose and the savory test foods (mean 91 ± 8 mg/dl ) was of 31mg/dl (P<0.001). We can conclude that the reformulation of ultra-processed ready-to-consume foods in a low carbohydrate, high protein version can produce a significant low glycemic response while maintaining the valued ready-to-use format and high palatability demanded by consumers. The low impact on postprandial glycemia and the nutritional characteristics of these proprietary foods make them useful both in weight control and in diabetes care dietary management.

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A high whey protein–, leucine-, and vitamin D–enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial

Cited by 193 publications

References 41 publications

Insulin resistance and sarcopenia: mechanistic links between common co-morbidities

Insulin resistance and sarcopenia: mechanistic links between common co-morbidities

Effects of protein supplementation combined with resistance exercise on body composition and physical function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The Effects of Different High-Protein Low-Carbohydrates Proprietary Foods on Blood Sugar in Healthy Subjects

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