A high response is not essential to prevent selection bias

Wiel, A. van de; Exel, Eric van; Craen, Anton J. M. de; Gussekloo, Jacobijn; Lagaay, A. M.; Knook, D.L.; Westendorp, Rudi G.J.

doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(02)00505-x

Cited by 186 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Between 1 September 1997 and 1 September 1999, 599 participants were enrolled (response rate 87%). The non-responders were generally healthier and had poorer mood, but had mortality similar to that of the responders [12]. Participants were visited annually from the age of 85 to 90 years at their home for face-to-face interviews.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aim of the present study, conducted as part of the Leiden 85-plus Study [12], was to examine the impact of diabetes mellitus on cognitive decline over time in the oldest of the old. We were in the unique position of being able to study this association both cross-sectionally and longitudinally in a population of 85-year-old people participating in the Leiden 85-plus Study.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The impact of diabetes mellitus on cognitive decline in the oldest of the old: a prospective population-based study

et al. 2006

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Aims/hypothesis Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for the development of cognitive impairment and dementia in the general population up to 75 years of age. As part of the Leiden 85-plus Study we studied the effects of diabetes on cognition in the oldest old. Subjects and methods The Leiden 85-plus Study is a prospective population-based study of 599 persons from age 85 onward. Cognitive function was assessed each year from ages 85 to 90 by means of four neuropsychological tests. The presence of diabetes and vascular disease was recorded at baseline, HbA 1c was assessed by means of a blood sample at ages 85 and 90. The cross-sectional and prospective associations between diabetes and cognitive function were analysed with linear mixed models, adjusted for sex and level of education. Results At age 85, diabetes was associated with a lower level of cognitive functioning on the Letter Digit Coding test and the Stroop Test. Diabetes was not associated with accelerated cognitive decline during follow-up. Within the group of diabetic patients, macrovascular disease was the most important determinant of cognitive dysfunction. Conclusions/interpretation The association between diabetes and accelerated cognitive decline, which has been documented previously in patients up to 75 years of age, may be less evident after age 85. This suggests that the damage occurs in previous years and that therapies aimed at preventing cognitive decline and dementia should focus on the younger old.

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Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of diabetes mellitus on cognitive decline in the oldest of the old: a prospective population-based study

et al. 2006

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“…Healthy adults were random blood bank donors ranging in age from 18 to 70 years (n ϭ 30). Healthy 90-year-old donors (n ϭ 10) were enrolled in the cohort of the Leiden 85-plus study (21,22), a prospective population-based study of inhabitants of Leiden, The Netherlands. Health was defined as no acute illness, no death within 3 mo after blood sampling, no severe cognitive impairment and a plasma C-reactive protein level below 10 mg/L.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of CD4 T Cells Expressing Killer Ig-Like Receptors

Bergen

Thompson

Slik

et al. 2004

The Journal of Immunology

110

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Killer Ig-like receptors (KIR) are commonly found on human NK cells, γδ T cells, and CD8 T cells. Although KIR+ CD4 T cells are found in certain patients, their prevalence in healthy donors is controversial. We now provide definitive proof that such cells are present in most individuals, and report on their frequency, surface phenotype, cytokine profile, and Ag specificity. The number of KIR+ CD4 T cells detected in peripheral blood increased with age. In contrast with regular KIR− CD4 T cells, the majority of KIR+ CD4 T cells lacked surface expression of CD27, CD28, CCR4, and CCR7, but did express CD57 and 2B4. In addition, KIR were detected on approximately one-tenth of CD28− and CD57+ memory CD4 T cells. In line with the absence of the Th2 marker CCR4, the KIR+ CD4 cells produced mainly IFN-γ and little IL-4, IL-10, or IL-17 upon TCR triggering. Furthermore, the KIR+ population contained cells that responded to recall Ags in an HLA class II-restricted fashion. Together, our data indicate that KIR-expressing CD4 T cells are predominantly HLA class II-restricted effector memory Th1 cells, and that a significant, previously unrecognized fraction of effector memory Th1 cells expresses KIR.

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“…15 In short, between September 1997 and September 1999, all inhabitants of Leiden of the 1912-1914 birth cohort were eligible for study participation. No one was excluded on the basis of health, cognitive functioning or living situation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of anemia and comorbidity on functional status and mortality in old age: results from the Leiden 85-plus Study

Elzen¹,

Willems²,

Westendorp³

et al. 2009

Canadian Medical Association Journal

137

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A high response is not essential to prevent selection bias

Cited by 186 publications

References 26 publications

The impact of diabetes mellitus on cognitive decline in the oldest of the old: a prospective population-based study

The impact of diabetes mellitus on cognitive decline in the oldest of the old: a prospective population-based study

Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of CD4 T Cells Expressing Killer Ig-Like Receptors

Effect of anemia and comorbidity on functional status and mortality in old age: results from the Leiden 85-plus Study

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