A high-resolution reverse-phase liquid chromatography method for the analysis of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in marine organisms

Carreto, José I.; Carignan, Mario O.; Montoya, Nora G.

doi:10.1007/s00227-004-1447-y

Cited by 132 publications

(208 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Data given represent mean value § SD (n = 3). ND columns as extensively discussed in Caretto et al (2005). While the typical 324 nm-MAAs in P. crispa did not give any clear peak on the C8 Luna column independent on the re-dissolution solvent used, the MAAs shinorine and porphyra-334 from P. umbilicalis were easy to identify with all 3 solvents applied on this column.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Whether this method is also applicable for speciWc MAAs from marine animals has to be tested in further studies. For analyzing complex MAA mixtures the HPLC gradient method of Caretto et al (2005) should be used.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For qualitative and quantitative analysis of MAAs diVerent HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) techniques have been applied (Tartarotti and Sommaruga 2002;Caretto et al 2005 and references therein) with a preference for the widely used method of Dunlap and Chalker (1986). Except the more recent technique of Caretto et al (2005) all other HPLC methods fail to separate a complex mixture of MAAs from diVerent marine organisms because of the speciWc physico-chemical properties of individual MAAs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Except the more recent technique of Caretto et al (2005) all other HPLC methods fail to separate a complex mixture of MAAs from diVerent marine organisms because of the speciWc physico-chemical properties of individual MAAs. Caretto et al (2005) coupled two reverse-phase C18-columns with diVerent selectivity for polar compounds and introduced a complex gradient eluent system at low pH. Although this approach is highly suitable for screening of new and unknown MAAs in marine organisms, preparation and analysis are time-consuming and hence are not adequate for routine measurements in organisms with known MAA composition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of re-dissolution solvents and HPLC columns on the analysis of mycosporine-like amino acids in the eulittoral macroalgae Prasiola crispa and Porphyra umbilicalis

2009

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Many macroalgal species that are regularly exposed to high solar radiation such as the eulittoral green alga Prasiola crispa and the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis synthesize and accumulate high concentrations of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) as UV-sunscreen compounds. These substances are typically extracted with a widely used standard protocol following quantiWcation by various high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. However, further preparation steps prior to HPLC analysis as well as diVerent HPLC column types have not been systematically checked regarding separation quality and reproducibility. Therefore pure methanol, distilled water and HPLC eluent were evaluated as re-dissolution solvent for dried Prasiola and Porphyra extracts, which were subsequently analyzed on three reversed-phase C8 and C18 HPLC columns. The data indicate that distilled water and the HPLC eluent gave almost identical peak patterns and MAA contents on the C8 and C18 columns. In contrast, the application of the widely used methanol led to double peaks or even the loss of speciWc peaks as well as to a strong decline in total MAA amounts ranging from about 35% of the maximum in P. crispa to 80% of the maximum in P. umbilicalis. Consequently, methanol should be avoided as re-dissolution solvent for the HPLC sample preparation. An improved protocol for the MAA analysis in macroalgae in combination with a reliable C18 column is suggested.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of re-dissolution solvents and HPLC columns on the analysis of mycosporine-like amino acids in the eulittoral macroalgae Prasiola crispa and Porphyra umbilicalis

2009

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Windows in Arctic sea ice: Light transmission and ice algae in a refrozen lead

et al. 2017

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The Arctic Ocean is rapidly changing from thicker multiyear to thinner first‐year ice cover, with significant consequences for radiative transfer through the ice pack and light availability for algal growth. A thinner, more dynamic ice cover will possibly result in more frequent leads, covered by newly formed ice with little snow cover. We studied a refrozen lead (≤0.27 m ice) in drifting pack ice north of Svalbard (80.5–81.8°N) in May–June 2015 during the Norwegian young sea ICE expedition (N‐ICE2015). We measured downwelling incident and ice‐transmitted spectral irradiance, and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), particle absorption, ultraviolet (UV)‐protecting mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs), and chlorophyll a (Chl a) in melted sea ice samples. We found occasionally very high MAA concentrations (up to 39 mg m−3, mean 4.5 ± 7.8 mg m−3) and MAA to Chl a ratios (up to 6.3, mean 1.2 ± 1.3). Disagreement in modeled and observed transmittance in the UV range let us conclude that MAA signatures in CDOM absorption spectra may be artifacts due to osmotic shock during ice melting. Although observed PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) transmittance through the thin ice was significantly higher than that of the adjacent thicker ice with deep snow cover, ice algal standing stocks were low (≤2.31 mg Chl a m−2) and similar to the adjacent ice. Ice algal accumulation in the lead was possibly delayed by the low inoculum and the time needed for photoacclimation to the high‐light environment. However, leads are important for phytoplankton growth by acting like windows into the water column.

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