A High‐Performance Hybrid Biofuel Cell with a Honeycomb‐Like Ti₃C₂T_x/MWCNT/AuNP Bioanode and a ZnCo₂@NCNT Cathode for Self‐Powered Biosensing

Abstract

This work focusses on developing a hybrid enzyme biofuel cell‐based self‐powered biosensor with appreciable stability and durability using murine leukemia fusion gene fragments (tDNA) as a model analyte. The cell consists of a Ti3C2Tx/multiwalled carbon nanotube/gold nanoparticle/glucose oxidase bioanode and a Zn/Co‐modified carbon nanotube cathode. The bioanode uniquely exhibits strong electron transfer ability and a high surface area for the loading of 1.14 × 10−9 mol cm−2 glucose oxidase to catalyze glucose oxidation. Meanwhile, the abiotic cathode with a high oxygen reduction reaction activity negates the use of conventional bioenzymes as catalysts, which aids in extending the stability and durability of the sensing system. The biosensor offers a 0.1 fm–1 nm linear range and a detection limit of 0.022 fm tDNA. Additionally, the biosensor demonstrates a reproducibility of ≈4.85% and retains ≈87.42% of the initial maximal power density after a 4‐week storage at 4 °C, verifying a significantly improved long‐term stability.

Advanced Self-Powered Biofuel Cells with Capacitor and Nanogenerator for Biomarker Sensing

“…A hybrid of sp 2 and sp carbon forms graphdiyne (GDY) with excellent electron transport and high stability to serve as an EBFC electrode for controlled kinetics of electron transfer . Apart from GDY, metal–organic frameworks with enzyme encapsulation feature as potential electrode ink components wherein protection of enzyme active sites from the cellular microenvironment or the inhibitor is a prerequisite. , Conventional hybrid enzyme EBFCs offer stability and durability by using modified carbon nanotubes and oxidase enzymes; however, abiotic cathode materials contain high oxygen reduction activity …”

“…47,48 Conventional hybrid enzyme EBFCs offer stability and durability by using modified carbon nanotubes and oxidase enzymes; however, abiotic cathode materials contain high oxygen reduction activity. 28 2.2. Sensing Unit.…”

“…27 Such a self-powering mode enables reproducibility and retains maximum power density upon a longer (4-week) storage for long-term stability. 28 Self-powering of biosensors consists of a biorecognition element to relay the sensing information. 29 Biosensing strategies using wearable devices are focused on signal transduction techniques.…”

“…Self-powered sensors can also enable the on–off mode via GOD-activated signal transduction for detection of miRNAs in the length of 19–25 nucleotides . Such a self-powering mode enables reproducibility and retains maximum power density upon a longer (4-week) storage for long-term stability . Self-powering of biosensors consists of a biorecognition element to relay the sensing information .…”

An ultrasensitive photo-driven self-powered aptasensor for microcystin-RR assay based on ZnIn2S4/Ti3C2 MXenes integrated with a matching capacitor for multiple signal amplification

“…17 Among them, the formation of heterojunctions between ZnIn 2 S 4 and the Ti 3 C 2 MXene is expected to be a promising and developing solution for the following reasons: (i) Ti 3 C 2 exhibits abundant active sites, which will facilitate a close contact interface with ZnIn 2 S 4 . 18 (ii) Ti 3 C 2 presents a wide light-absorbing wavelength range (300-700 nm) to generate more photogenerated carriers. 19,20 (iii) Ti 3 C 2 displays excellent electrical conductivity (15 000 S cm −1 ) to facilitate the separation of photogenerated charge carriers from the ZnIn 2 S 4 surface.…”