A High Level of Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Positive Cocci Isolates from Different Clinical Samples Among Patients Referred to Arsho Advanced Medical Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract

Background Gram-positive cocci are clinically important pathogens that cause infections and their development of antibiotic resistance continues to pose a severe threat to public health. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the level of antimicrobial resistance among Gram-positive cocci isolated from different clinical samples among patients referred to Arsho Advanced Medical Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods From January to April 2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted at Arsho Advanced Medical Laboratory. Seven hundred ninety-two (792) different clinical samples were obtained from 792 individuals and inoculated into blood culture bottles and Blood Agar base. Bacterial identification was done using the number, type, and morphology of colonies, as well as Gram staining, catalase testing, and coagulase test after isolation of pure growth on culture media using the standard operating procedure. VITEK 2 compact system was used for bacterial identification and drug susceptibility testing. The information entry and analysis were performed by using SPSS version 20. Results Out of 792 clinical samples cultured, the prevalence of Gram-positive cocci was 12.6% (n=100/792). The most frequent one is S. aureus 54% (n=54/100) followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species 42% (n=42/100), S. agalactiae 1% (n=1/100) and E. faecalis 3% (n=3/100). Penicillin showed the highest resistance rate 85% (n=85/100), followed by sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (47%), and oxacillin (38%); however, highest sensitivity was seen towards linezolid 97% (n=97/100) and vancomycin 94% (n=94/100). The total multi-drug resistance (MDR) Gram-positive cocci were 44% (n=44/100). Conclusion This study demonstrated high antimicrobial resistance and multi-drug resistance. This suggests that the importance of continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance patterns is crucial for selecting the suitable drug for treatment and infection prevention.

Molecular Characterization of Clinical Linezolid-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis in a Tertiary Care Hospital

“…Another focus of this study is the absence of the cfr gene. Most new and older publications dealing with LRSE explicitly refer to resistance mediated by the cfr gene [ 6 , 10 , 11 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 22 , 23 ]. Other well-described mutations causing linezolid resistance are those in the 23S rRNA region, such as G2447T, T2500A and C2534T.…”

“…Until 2020, the global linezolid resistance rate in S. epidermidis was assumed to be low [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Nevertheless, various outbreaks and cases of nosocomial transmissions showed that LRSE strains are emerging as endemic pathogens in the hospital setting [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Severe illness, length of stay, and exposure to linezolid are cited as risk factors in several publications [ 2 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Antibacterial Sensitivity Profile of Bacteria Isolated from Solid Dump Waste of Hetauda Hospital, Nepal

“…Antibiotic resistance has become one of the major public health problem. Polypharmacy and irrational use of antibiotics has led to higher number of antibiotic resistance; as a result, the health conditions are becoming worse specially in developing countries 20,21 like Nepal.…”

“…Gram positive bacteria are the common cause of bloodstream and other infection in the hospital. 21 The isolated bacteria from waste collected from different hospital parts of hospitals shows the higher risk of hospital acquired infection. The hospital is generally regarded as the source of diseases and the result shows the same.…”

Difficult-to-Treat Pathogens: A Review on the Management of Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis

“…It is important to remember that the strains of S. epidermidis , isolated in case of surgical wound infections, show a multidrug resistance phenotype in almost 70% of the cases [ 19 ].…”