“…The EM characteristics of metamaterials rely on the pattern and order of the meta-atom (Cui, 2017). In the past few decades, metamaterial-inspired devices, such as the frequency selective filter (Khan and Eibert, 2018;Zhang et al, 2021a), perfect absorber (Peng et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2021b), holographic imaging (Tsai et al, 2013;Wan et al, 2017), and meta-lens (Pendry, 2000), have found variety of applications in academia and industries (Zhang et al, 2021c;Dong et al, 2022;Wang et al, 2022). Among these applications, metamaterial absorbers (MMA) have been realized in the spectrum ranging from microwave to optics.…”