A hierarchical model of plumage: Morphology, development, and evolution

Prum, Richard O.; Dyck, Jan

doi:10.1002/jez.b.27

Cited by 68 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The barbs themselves are composed of a shaft (ramus) and numerous minute branches (barbules) (Lucas and Stettenheim, 1972; also see Prum and Dyck, 2003). Down feathers are mainly radially-symmetric (the rachis is absent or very short).…”

Section: Developmental Biology Of the Feathermentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation to the sky: Defining the feather with integument fossils from mesozoic China and experimental evidence from molecular laboratories

Chuong

Zhang

et al. 2003

J Exp Zool Pt B

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In this special issue of Evo-Devo of the amniote integument, Alibardi has discussed the adaptation of the integument to the land. Here we will discuss the adaptation to the sky. We first review a series of fossil discoveries representing intermediate forms of feathers or feather-like appendages from dinosaurs and Mesozoic birds from the Jehol Biota of China. We then discuss results from the molecular and developmental biological experiments using chicken integument as the model. Feather forms can be modulated using retrovirus mediated gene mis-expression that mimics those found in nature today and in the evolutionary past. The molecular conversions among different types of integument appendages (feather, scale, tooth) are discussed. From these evidences, we recognize that not all organisms with feathers are birds, and that not all skin appendages with hierarchical branches are feathers. We develop a set of criteria for true avian feathers: 1) possessing actively proliferating cells in the proximal follicle for a proximo -distal growth mode; 2) forming hierarchical branches of rachis, barbs and barbules, with barbs shaped by differential cell death into either bilaterally or radially symmetric structures; 3) having a follicle structure, with a mesenchyme core during development; 4) maturing into a structure consisting of epithelia without a mesenchyme core with two sides of the vane facing the previous basal and supra-basal layer, respectively; and 5) having stem cells and dermal papilla in the follicle and hence the ability to molt and regenerate. A model of feather evolution from feather bud → barbs → barbules → rachis is presented, which is opposite to the old view of scale plate → rachis → barbs → barbules.

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Section: Developmental Biology Of the Feathermentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation to the sky: Defining the feather with integument fossils from mesozoic China and experimental evidence from molecular laboratories

Chuong

Zhang

et al. 2003

J Exp Zool Pt B

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“…The hierarchical model of feather morphogenesis creates a conceptual framework from which testable hypotheses can be derived. (Prum and Dyck, 2003, Fig. 2A).…”

Section: Deciphering the Rules Of Morphogenesismentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Similarities in the developmental and molecular biology of the integument and, especially, the "beta-keratins" of alligators (as representatives of the archosaurs) and birds illuminate the evolutionary origin of feathers . A theoretical model provides a conceptual framework for the hierarchical and modular construction of the complex feathers and their developmental and evolutionary variations (Prum and Dyck, 2003). The diversity of structures in domesticated birds provides an estimate of the breadth of genetic variability, which may be greater under the relaxed selective regime of captive conditions than that observed in natural populations (Bartels, 2003).…”

Section: A Meeting To Survey the Current Research Landscapementioning

confidence: 99%

“…2). At each point of their development, the outcome of morphogenesis can be modulated by replacing modules that stimulate different cellular events at different times and locations (von Dassow and Munro, '99;Prum and Dyck, 2003).…”

Section: The Hierarchical Modular and Cyclical Formation Of Integummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within each body region, the skin and integumentary appendages assume locally specific shapes and structures, such as feathers versus scales, flight feathers versus contour feathers, or teeth versus oral mucosa. The shaping of the individual integumentary appendages occurs in several hierarchical steps (Prum and Dyck, 2003). Layer upon layer, molecular modules can be called upon and used in different contexts to build an increasingly complicated structure (Harris et al, 2002).…”

Section: The Hierarchical Modular and Cyclical Formation Of Integummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and evolution of the amniote integument: Current landscape and future horizon

Chuong

Homberger

2003

J Exp Zool Pt B

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This special issue on the development and evolution of the amniote integument begins with a discussion of the adaptations to terrestrial conditions, the acquisition of water-impermeability by the reptilian integument, and the initial formation of filamentous integumentary appendages that pave the way towards avian flight. Recent feather fossils are reviewed and a definition of feathers is developed. Hierarchical models are proposed for the formation of complex structures, such as feathers. Molecular signals that alter the phenotype of integumentary appendages at different levels of the hierarchy are presented. Tissue interactions and the roles of keratins in evolution are discussed and linked to their bio-mechanical properties. The role of mechanical forces on patterning is explored. Elaborate extant feather variants are introduced. The regeneration/gene mis-expression protocol for the chicken feather is established as a testable model for the study of biological structures. The adaptations of the mammalian distal limb end organs to terrestrial, arboreal and aquatic conditions are discussed. The development and cycling of hair are reviewed from a molecular perspective. These contributions reveal that the structure and function of diverse integumentary appendages are variations superimposed on a common theme, and that their formation is modular, hierarchical, and cyclical. They further reveal that these mechanisms can be understood at the molecular level, and that an integrative and organismal approach to studying integumentary appendages is needed. We propose that future research should foster interdisciplinary approaches, pursue understanding at the cellular and molecular level, analyze interactions between the environment and genome, and recognize the contributions of variation in morphogenesis and evolution.

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External Features of Chicken

Khamas,

Rutllant

2024

Anatomy and Histology of the Domestic Chicken

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A hierarchical model of plumage: Morphology, development, and evolution

Cited by 68 publications

References 45 publications

Adaptation to the sky: Defining the feather with integument fossils from mesozoic China and experimental evidence from molecular laboratories

Adaptation to the sky: Defining the feather with integument fossils from mesozoic China and experimental evidence from molecular laboratories

Development and evolution of the amniote integument: Current landscape and future horizon

External Features of Chicken

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