A hierarchical interdigitated flow field design for scale-up of high-performance redox flow batteries

Zeng, Yikai; Li, Fenghao; Lü, Fei; Zhou, Xuelong; Yuan, Yanping; Cao, Xiaoling; Xiang, Bo

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.107

Cited by 132 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…[1][2][3][4] In a simple design, a large quantity of electrical energy/power (multi-MWhs/MWs) can be stored in RFBs, which may resolve the issue of the intermittent and random nature of renewable energy. Redox flow battery (RFB) is one of the most promising ESSs and has attracted intense attention owing to its high efficiency, long cycle life, low environmental impact, intrinsic safety, easy scalability, flexible operation, and fast response time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Redox flow battery (RFB) is one of the most promising ESSs and has attracted intense attention owing to its high efficiency, long cycle life, low environmental impact, intrinsic safety, easy scalability, flexible operation, and fast response time. [1][2][3][4] In a simple design, a large quantity of electrical energy/power (multi-MWhs/MWs) can be stored in RFBs, which may resolve the issue of the intermittent and random nature of renewable energy. An RFB is a reversible ESS which realizes the conversion between electrical energy and chemical energy through the corresponding redox reactions of the active species during the charge-discharge process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of Nafion series membranes on the performance of iron‐chromium redox flow battery

Sun

Zhang

2019

Int J Energy Res

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Summary To boost the performance of the iron‐chromium redox flow battery (ICRFB), opting an appropriate proton exchange membrane (PEM) as the core component of ICRFB is of great importance. For the purpose, in this paper, various widely adopted commercial Nafion membranes with a different thickness of 50 μm (Nafion 212, N212), 126 μm (N115), and 178 μm (N117) are chosen for the sake of evaluating the influence of membrane thickness on the ICRFB single‐cell performance. Physicochemical properties, electrolyte utilization, cell efficiency, long‐term cycling stability, and the self‐discharge process of ICRFBs based on a series of Nafion membranes are contrasted comprehensively. The cycling test of ICRFBs is carried out under the current density range of 40 to 120 mA/cm2 for the charge‐discharge process. As a result of the good equilibrium of membrane resistance and electro‐active species permeability, Nafion 212 membrane exhibits the highest electrolyte utilization and energy efficiency during the operation, accompanied by the lowest overpotential. In the final part, the selection of Nafion membrane thickness was optimized on the basis of single‐cell performance and the overall cost of the system.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Nafion series membranes on the performance of iron‐chromium redox flow battery

Sun

Zhang

2019

Int J Energy Res

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“…One of the most important characteristics of RFB is the feasibility of an independent scaling‐up of the power portion (electrochemical cell) and electric energy storage portion (external tanks). The energy storage capacity of an RFB can be enhanced by simply increasing the volume of the electrolytes and/or the concentration of the electroactive species, which is a strong point over other ESS techniques …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The energy storage capacity of an RFB can be enhanced by simply increasing the volume of the electrolytes and/or the concentration of the electroactive species, which is a strong point over other ESS techniques. 3,4 The iron-chromium redox flow battery (ICRFB) was widely studied by NASA in the 1970s, and it was the first true RFB in the world. 5 An emblematical RFB system is made up of a flow circulation system, a membrane separator, two electrodes, and two exterior tanks that lay up dissolved electroactive electrolytes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Investigations on physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance of graphite felt and carbon felt for iron‐chromium redox flow battery

et al. 2020

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Summary In this paper, polyacrylonitrile‐based graphite felt (GF), carbon felt (CF) and the effect of thermal activation on them with or without the catalyst (BiCl3) are comprehensively investigated for iron‐chromium redox flow battery (ICRFB) application. The physical‐chemical parameters of GF and CF after the thermal activation is affected significantly by their graphitization degree, oxygen functional groups, and surface area. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results manifest that GF and CF before and after the thermal activation have different electrocatalytic activities owing to oxygen functional groups number increase and the graphitization degree decrease. In terms of the capacity decay rate, as oxygen functional groups provide shorter electrocatalytic pathways than bismuth ions, the performance of GF and CF after the thermal activation is more ideal. As a result, GF before and after the thermal activation exhibits higher efficiency (EE: 86%) and better stability at a charge‐discharge current density of 60 mA·cm−2 than those of CF during charge‐discharge cycling, as the dominant limitation in an ICRFB is ohmic and activation polarization. Therefore, GF after thermal activation together with the addition of BiCl3 in the electrolyte is a more promising electrode material for ICRFBs application than CF.

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“…Battery storage systems have been widely applied in many fields, such as renewables storage, peak shaving, emergency back-up, load-leveling and electric vehicles [1]. Specifically, the all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) proposed by Skyllas-Kazacos [2,3] and co-workers shows unique attributes, including cross contamination elimination and a long life cycle [4,5]. Many efforts have been made towards component optimization [6,7] and sizing [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model-Based Condition Monitoring of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

2019

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The safe, efficient and durable utilization of a vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) requires accurate monitoring of its state of charge (SOC) and capacity decay. This paper focuses on the unbiased model parameter identification and model-based monitoring of both the SOC and capacity decay of a VRB. Specifically, a first-order resistor-capacitance (RC) model was used to simulate the dynamics of the VRB. A recursive total least squares (RTLS) method was exploited to attenuate the impact of external disturbances and accurately track the change of model parameters in realtime. The RTLS-based identification method was further integrated with an H-infinity filter (HIF)-based state estimator to monitor the SOC and capacity decay of the VRB in real-time. Experiments were carried out to validate the proposed method. The results suggested that the proposed method can achieve unbiased model parameter identification when unexpected noises corrupt the current and voltage measurements. SOC and capacity decay can also be estimated accurately in real-time without requiring additional open-circuit cells.Energies 2019, 12, 3005 2 of 16 the SOC [9]. This method, albeit accurate, is ex-situ and not suitable for real-time application. In a recent study, the electrolyte viscosity-determined by measuring the pressure drop across the VRB cell-was used to estimate the SOC [10]. This method demonstrated good potential for online SOC monitoring, although the quantitative relationships among SOC, viscosity, and pressure drop have to be calibrated accurately to ensure a reliable estimate. Uncertainties associated with other environmental or operating conditions also have to be ruled out.A new category of methods for SOC estimation of VRBs is the model-based observers. Firstly, a battery model is established to describe the inner physical processes and electrochemical reactions [11,12]. A typical model-based observer then links the measurable input and output to the internal state via a nonlinear state-space model [13]. This can provide a closed-loop and robust solution, which is favourable for online application, although a highly accurate battery model is a prerequisite. Different types of models have been proposed for VRBs. Numerical models [14][15][16] can describe the complicated electrochemical processes and multi-physics feature of a VRB well, but the high computing cost restricts their use in real-time application. Tang et al. developed a simplified mathematical model to describe the key processes of a VRB [17]. However, the model parameters involved had to be determined empirically based on extensive testing and knowledge of the VRB's dynamics. In contrast to mechanism-based models, equivalent circuit models (ECMs) show an expected trade-off between the computing complexity and the model accuracy. A simple ECM has been proposed for system-level integration, although this overlooks the dynamic variability of VRBs [18][19][20]. More recently, first-order [21-23] and second-order [24,25] RC models were developed to take into account the ...

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A hierarchical interdigitated flow field design for scale-up of high-performance redox flow batteries

Cited by 132 publications

References 49 publications

Investigation of Nafion series membranes on the performance of iron‐chromium redox flow battery

Investigation of Nafion series membranes on the performance of iron‐chromium redox flow battery

Investigations on physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance of graphite felt and carbon felt for iron‐chromium redox flow battery

Model-Based Condition Monitoring of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

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