A hierarchical energy management system for islanded multi-microgrid clusters considering frequency security constraints

Mazidi, Mohammadreza; Rezaei, Navid; Ardakani, Fatemeh Jahanbani; Mohiti, Maryam; Guerrero, Josep M.

doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106134

Cited by 63 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…A UCP has been considered for spinning and non-spinning reserve scheduling, taking into consideration frequency excursion minimization to acceptable levels [91,92,[165][166][167][168]. The optimal charge and discharge rates for distributed ESS with different types and sizes have been determined [87]; the latter dispatch study has utilized the existence of multiple charging stations for electric vehicles (EV) to handle the intermittent nature of renewable generation in DCIMG.…”

Section: Scheduling and Dispatch Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Control problems combined with dispatch and scheduling problems form the bases for optimal EMS problems, which are responsible for implementing the hierarchal control strategy of DCIMG. Therefore, solving an EMS problem acts as a buffer to serve a variety of technical [33,35,54,59,85,91,92,117,134,148,154,[163][164][165][166], economic [28][29][30][75][76][77][78][79][80][81]84,85,91,[124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133]135,144,145,[148][149][150][151]167,168], and environmental [84,…”

Section: Control and Ems Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These costs are categorized into five main groups as follows: running costs, maintenance costs, security costs, penalty costs, and capital and investment costs. In practice, cost objectives often represent a collection of different types of the aforementioned categories, such as running, maintenance and penalty costs [167], or running and investment costs [172].…”

Section: Cost Minimization and Profit Maximizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, fuel costs are usually considered in amalgamation with other forms of costs such as curtailments costs for balanced [90,151,165] and unbalanced loads [88,131], cost of load shedding in clustered microgrids [167], fines for imported energy from the main grid [88,145,151,167], excess emissions penalty costs [127,174], heating and boiler maintenance costs [84,85], the cost of automatic generation control (AGC) to cover for WT and PV volatility [37,75,174], and the penalty cost of energy not delivered [144].…”

Section: Cost Minimization and Profit Maximizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal Allocation and Operation of Droop-Controlled Islanded Microgrids: A Review

Kreishan

Zobaa

2021

Energies

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This review paper provides a critical interpretation and analysis of almost 150 dedicated optimization research papers in the field of droop-controlled islanded microgrids. The significance of optimal microgrid allocation and operation studies comes from their importance for further deployment of renewable energy, reliable and stable autonomous operation on a larger scale, and the electrification of rural and isolated communities. Additionally, a comprehensive overview of islanded microgrids in terms of structure, type, and hierarchical control strategy was presented. Furthermore, a larger emphasis was given to the main optimization problems faced by droop-controlled islanded microgrids such as allocation, scheduling and dispatch, reconfiguration, control, and energy management systems. The main outcome of this review in relation to optimization problem components is the classification of objective functions, constraints, and decision variables into 10, 9, and 6 distinctive categories, respectively, taking into consideration the multi-criteria decision problems as well as the optimization with uncertainty problems in the classification criterion. Additionally, the optimization techniques used were investigated and identified as classical and artificial intelligence algorithms with the latter gaining popularity in recent years. Lastly, some future trends for research were put forward and explained based on the critical analysis of the selected papers.

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Section: Scheduling and Dispatch Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Control and Ems Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cost Minimization and Profit Maximizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cost Minimization and Profit Maximizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal Allocation and Operation of Droop-Controlled Islanded Microgrids: A Review

Kreishan

Zobaa

2021

Energies

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“…The data obtained can be utilized for the optimal schedule of operation, taking into consideration objectives such as cost minimization, power quality maximization, etc. In the literature, a great variety of hierarchical control architectures (i.e., including tertiary, secondary and primary control) is observed, including the implementation of economic dispatch algorithms, reduction in CO 2 emissions, model predictive control (MPC) or even deep learning (DL) and deep reinforcement learning (DRL), for both normal operation and treatment of special challenges [70][71][72][73].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art of Low and Medium Voltage Direct Current (DC) Microgrids

et al. 2021

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Direct current (DC) microgrids (MG) constitute a research field that has gained great attention over the past few years, challenging the well-established dominance of their alternating current (AC) counterparts in Low Voltage (LV) (up to 1.5 kV) as well as Medium Voltage (MV) applications (up to 50 kV). The main reasons behind this change are: (i) the ascending amalgamation of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), which predominantly supply DC power to the energy mix that meets electrical power demand and (ii) the ascending use of electronic loads and other DC-powered devices by the end-users. In this sense, DC distribution provides a more efficient interface between the majority of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and part of the total load of a MG. The early adopters of DC MGs include mostly buildings with high RES production, ships, data centers, electric vehicle (EV) charging stations and traction systems. However, the lack of expertise and the insufficient standards’ framework inhibit their wider spread. This review paper presents the state of the art of LV and MV DC MGs in terms of advantages/disadvantages over their AC counterparts, their interface with the AC main grid, topologies, control, applications, ancillary services and standardization issues. Overall, the aim of this review is to highlight the possibilities provided by DC MG architectures as well as the necessity for a solid/inclusive regulatory framework, which is their main weakness.

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Two‐level scheduling of an active power distribution network by considering demand response program and uncertainties

Rahnama

Dejamkhooy

Shayeghi

2023

Engineering Reports

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This study investigates a hierarchical approach for modeling the mutual impacts of distribution network (DN) decisions and microgrids in a multi‐microgrid system under the cover of a two‐level problem. Due to the conflicting interests of decision‐makers in an active DN, the optimization problem has a hierarchical structure, with distribution companies (Discos) at the top attempting to maximize profits and microgrids at the bottom attempting to reduce costs. This study examines the relationship between the unpredictability of renewable energy sources and power demand. In this mechanism, the influence of the demand response program (DRP) is also considered an important aspect of intelligent systems. The two‐level nonlinear optimization problem has been transformed to a one‐level linear problem using dual theory and KKT conditions. According to the findings of the studies, even though cost reduction is the sole objective of scheduling in centralized mode, applying DRP to the system results in a 16% reduction in overall costs for the two‐level scheduling method, and a 22% reduction in daily costs when compared to two‐level scheduling without DRP.

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A hierarchical energy management system for islanded multi-microgrid clusters considering frequency security constraints

Cited by 63 publications

References 34 publications

Optimal Allocation and Operation of Droop-Controlled Islanded Microgrids: A Review

Optimal Allocation and Operation of Droop-Controlled Islanded Microgrids: A Review

State of the Art of Low and Medium Voltage Direct Current (DC) Microgrids

Two‐level scheduling of an active power distribution network by considering demand response program and uncertainties

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