A heat and moisture mask attenuates cardiovascular stress during cold air exposure

Seifert, John G.; McNair, M. E.; DeClercq, Patricia; Cyr, John St.

doi:10.1177/1753944713481512

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…During cold exposure, we detected an increase of systolic and diastolic blood pressure of approximately 30 and 20 mm Hg in hypertensive subjects. The magnitude of the BP responses is comparable [13, 14] or higher [15] to that seen in previous studies with similar cold exposure in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients with preserved kidney function. It has been well documented that the cold-induced acute rise of BP is primarily caused by the activation of the autonomic nervous system.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Effect of Short-Term Cold Exposure on Central Aortic Blood Pressure in Patients with CKD

Masajtis-Zagajewska

Pawłowicz

Nowicki

2020

Nephron

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Objectives: Study determined effects of arterial hypertension and impaired kidney function on acute cold exposure induced changes in peripheral and central aortic blood pressure (BP). Methods: Five-six subjects were divided into 3 groups including 20 hypertensive patients with normal kidney function (AH-non-CKD), 20 patients with hypertension and CKD (AH-CKD) stage 3b–4 and 16 healthy normotensive subjects (C). Baseline BP, central BP, and central pulse pressure, unadjusted augmentation index (AI) and central augmented pressure were assessed by applanation tonometry (SphygmoCor) before entering the room with constant temperature −10°C (°C), after 10 min in the cold room and in same conditions in room temperature. Results: Cold exposure led to significant increase of central aortic, systolic, and diastolic BP in both AH-non-CKD (p < 0.01) and AH-CKD (p < 0.001). The central aortic BP did not change in healthy subjects. The increase of central aortic systolic blood pressure was significantly larger in AH-CKD compared to AH-non-CKD group (p = 0.0002). Increase of aortic central and brachial systolic and diastolic BP was significantly larger in AH-CKD and AH-non-CKD patients than in controls. AI increased and subendocardial viability ratio and heart rate decreased after cold exposure in all groups. Central aortic and brachial rate pressure product increased by approximately 2,300 bpm × mm Hg (p < 0.001) and 1,600 bpm × mm Hg (p < 0.001), respectively, in the AH-CKD group and by 1,000 bpm × mm Hg (p = 0.007) and 500 bpm × mm Hg (p = 0.19) in AH-non-CKD group after cold exposure. Conclusion: Short-term cold exposure induces larger increase of brachial and central aortic BP in patients with arterial hypertension than in healthy subjects. The changes in central aortic pressure are augmented in hypertensive patients with impaired kidney function.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Effect of Short-Term Cold Exposure on Central Aortic Blood Pressure in Patients with CKD

Masajtis-Zagajewska

Pawłowicz

Nowicki

2020

Nephron

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“…The use of a protective mask with a heating and humidifying properties mitigated the increase in BP especially among ageing hypertensive subjects (above 60 yrs.) [62]. An earlier study with healthy subjects showed similarly that proper head protection reduces cold-related increase in BP [77].…”

Section: Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…A large share of these have used the cold pressor test for cardiovascular stimulation [40,51,55,[57][58][59][60]. The reminder of the research included whole-body (with or without facial exposure) skin cooling [38,42,43,[61][62][63][64][65], local cooling of skin [66] or face [36], cold water immersion in association with sauna bathing [67], or brief intense whole-body cold exposures (cryostimulation) [68,69]. In the majority, but not all [36,40,62,63,65,70] of the studies cardiovascular responses were compared with healthy controls.…”

Section: Cardiovascular Responses and Cold Exposure In Persons With Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular diseases, cold exposure and exercise

Ikäheimo

2018

Temperature

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Both acute and prolonged cold exposure affect cardiovascular responses, which may be modified by an underlying cardiovascular disease. In addition, exercise in a cold environment increases cardiovascular strain further, but its effects among persons with cardiovascular diseases are not well known. Controlled studies employing whole-body or local cold exposure demonstrate comparable or augmented increase in cardiac workload, but aggravated cutaneous vasoconstriction in persons with mild hypertension. A strong sympathetic stimulation of a cold pressor test, increases cardiac workload in persons with coronary artery disease (CAD), but does not markedly differ from those with less severe disease or healthy. However, cold exposure reduces myocardial oxygen supply in CAD, which may lead to ischemia. Exercise in cold often augments cardiac workload in persons with CAD more than when performed in thermoneutral conditions. At the same time, reduced myocardial perfusion may lead to earlier ischemia, angina and impaired performance. Also having a heart failure deteriorates submaximal and maximal performance in the cold. Antianginal medication is beneficial in the cold in lowering blood pressure, but does not affect the magnitude of coldrelated cardiovascular responses in hypertension. Similarly, the use of blood pressure lowering medication improves exercise performance in cold both among persons with CAD and heart failure. Both the acute and seasonal effects of cold and added with exercise may contribute to the higher morbidity and mortality of those with cardiovascular diseases. Yet, more controlled studies for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms behind the adverse cold-related health effects are warranted.

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“…Randomized cross-over trials conducted in Chinese cities of Beijing and Shanghai have also reported reduction of blood pressure and increased heart rate variability parameters from wearing a disposable respirator for 48 h [53] or for a few hours while walking [54,55], as a likely result of reduced exposure to ambient particulate concentrations. However, inhalation of cold, dry air can also increase blood pressure, enhancing the risk of myocardial infarction, particularly among individuals affected by pre-existing hypertensive cardiovascular disorders [56]. Therefore, considering the influence of cold air on systolic blood pressure, the use of facemasks against COVID-19 may also mitigate the effect of hypertension on the risk of myocardial ischemia, particularly in people with pre-existing hypertensive cardiovascular disease [56].…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Air Pollution Blood Pressure and Face Masksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, inhalation of cold, dry air can also increase blood pressure, enhancing the risk of myocardial infarction, particularly among individuals affected by pre-existing hypertensive cardiovascular disorders [56]. Therefore, considering the influence of cold air on systolic blood pressure, the use of facemasks against COVID-19 may also mitigate the effect of hypertension on the risk of myocardial ischemia, particularly in people with pre-existing hypertensive cardiovascular disease [56].…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Air Pollution Blood Pressure and Face Masksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community Use of Face Masks against the Spread of COVID-19

Bubbico¹,

Mastrangelo

Filon

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The role of face masks to prevent and control COVID-19 is critical, especially since asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic infected individuals can shed high loads of SARS-CoV-2 in the surrounding environment. In addition to being a two-way barrier to protect against virions droplets both in terms of “source control” (for the benefits of the community) and “physical protection” (for wearer), face masks also allow maintaining physiological temperatures and humidity of the nasal cavity and mouth, independently from the external environmental conditions. Beyond compromising the viral transmission speed, exposure to cold environments could have a detrimental effect on the host’s susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. The innate human immune system becomes in fact weaker with cooler nose temperatures and thus more vulnerable to viral replication. Furthermore, there is evidence that warm, humid climates are associated with reduced spread of SARS-CoV-2, while cold dry conditions favor its stability and transmissibility. In the early stage of a viral infection, a physiological body temperature in the upper airways supports the innate immune system, endorsing the muco-ciliary clearance, inhibiting, or deactivating any first settlement of viruses. Face masks are therefore strongly recommended also outdoors, especially under cold weather conditions, not only as a physical barrier against the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but also to prevent the rapid cooling of the nasal mucosa and the inhibition of the human innate defense of the upper airways.

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A heat and moisture mask attenuates cardiovascular stress during cold air exposure

Abstract: Subgroup analyses suggested that the effect of the HME in mitigating systolic blood pressure increase from inhalation of cold air was significantly greater for patients aged 60 years or over than for those under 60 years.

Cited by 7 publications

References 41 publications

Effect of Short-Term Cold Exposure on Central Aortic Blood Pressure in Patients with CKD

Effect of Short-Term Cold Exposure on Central Aortic Blood Pressure in Patients with CKD

Cardiovascular diseases, cold exposure and exercise

Community Use of Face Masks against the Spread of COVID-19

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