A healthy gastrointestinal microbiome is dependent on dietary diversity

Heiman, Mark L.; Greenway, Frank L.

doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.02.005

Cited by 277 publications

(213 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…As will be apparent in the discussion below, whether this low diversity is cause or consequence of metabolic disease is difficult to address as animals with similar diversity scores can have very different propensity to obesity and diabetes [57]. Reduced dietary diversity, which is common in most countries with raising obesity rates, can result in a similar loss of microbial diversity [70], again indicating the strong interactions among the four driving forces in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders (Figure 3). …”

Section: Developing Murine Models To Study Gene/environment/microbiommentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between host genetics and gut microbiome in diabetes and metabolic syndrome

Ussar

Fujisaka

Kahn

2016

Molecular Metabolism

145

103

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BackgroundDiabetes, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome are multifactorial diseases dependent on a complex interaction of host genetics, diet, and other environmental factors. Increasing evidence places gut microbiota as important modulators of the crosstalk between diet and development of obesity and metabolic dysfunction. In addition, host genetics can have important impact on the composition and function of gut microbiota. Indeed, depending on the genetic background of the host, diet and other environmental factors may produce different changes in gut microbiota, have different impacts on host metabolism, and create different interactions between the microbiome and the host.Scope of reviewIn this review, we highlight how appropriate animal models can help dissect the complex interaction of host genetics with the gut microbiome and how diet can lead to different degrees of weight gain, levels of insulin resistance, and metabolic outcomes, such as diabetes, in different individuals. We also discuss the challenges of identifying specific disease-associated microbiota and the limitations of simple metrics, such as phylogenetic diversity or the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes.Major conclusionsUnderstanding these complex interactions will help in the development of novel treatments for microbiome-related metabolic diseases. This article is part of a special issue on microbiota.

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Section: Developing Murine Models To Study Gene/environment/microbiommentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between host genetics and gut microbiome in diabetes and metabolic syndrome

Ussar

Fujisaka

Kahn

2016

Molecular Metabolism

145

103

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“…The diet is a major lever of gut microbiota modulation and is now regarded as a serious approach for maintaining high microbiota diversity (or gene richness) and preserving health as well as correcting dysbiosis often observed in many chronic diseases [11]. This is of utmost importance in the context of drastic reduction of food diversity over the last decades [12]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiota-host interplay at the gut epithelial level, health and nutrition

Lallès

2016

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

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Growing evidence suggests the implication of the gut microbiota in various facets of health and disease. In this review, the focus is put on microbiota-host molecular cross-talk at the gut epithelial level with special emphasis on two defense systems: intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) and inducible heat shock proteins (iHSPs). Both IAP and iHSPs are induced by various microbial structural components (e.g. lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, CpG DNA motifs), metabolites (e.g. n-butyrate) or secreted signal molecules (e.g., toxins, various peptides, polyphosphate). IAP is produced in the small intestine and secreted into the lumen and in the interior milieu. It detoxifies microbial components by dephosphorylation and, therefore, down-regulates microbe-induced inflammation mainly by inhibiting NF-κB pro-inflammatory pathway in enterocytes. IAP gene expression and enzyme activity are influenced by the gut microbiota. Conversely, IAP controls gut microbiota composition both directly, and indirectly though the detoxification of pro-inflammatory free luminal adenosine triphosphate and inflammation inhibition. Inducible HSPs are expressed by gut epithelial cells in proportion to the microbial load along the gastro-intestinal tract. They are also induced by various microbial components, metabolites and secreted molecules. Whether iHSPs contribute to shape the gut microbiota is presently unknown. Both systems display strong anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties that are protective to the gut and the host. Importantly, epithelial gene expressions and protein concentrations of IAP and iHSPs can be stimulated by probiotics, prebiotics and a large variety of dietary components, including macronutrients (protein and amino acids, especially L-glutamine, fat, fiber), and specific minerals (e.g. calcium) and vitamins (e.g. vitamins K1 and K2). Some food components (e.g. lectins, soybean proteins, various polyphenols) may inhibit or disturb these systems. The general cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the microbiota-host epithelial crosstalk and subsequent gut protection through IAP and iHSPs are reviewed along with their nutritional modulation. Special emphasis is also given to the pig, an economically important species and valuable biomedical model.

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“…What we do know is that the gastrointestinal microbiome is flooded with energy in the form of undigested and partially digested food components each day. The more diverse the diet, the more diverse the microbiome, a critical attribute related to health and disease prevention, according to many recent studies [21,22]. …”

Section: Plant Foods For the Promotion Of Health And Prevention Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet Quality—The Greeks Had It Right!

Anderson

Nieman

2016

Nutrients

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The Mediterranean diet is upheld in the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines as an example of an eating pattern that promotes good health, a healthy body weight, and disease prevention throughout the lifespan. The Mediterranean eating pattern is based on a variety of unprocessed plant foods including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds that are high in polyphenols. The majority of polyphenols arrive in the colon where bacteria degrade them into smaller phenolics that can be translocated via the portal vein to the liver. In the liver, the phenolics undergo additional biotransformation prior to release into the circulation and transport to specific tissues where bioactive effects take place before removal in the urine. Recent epidemiologic studies using improved assessment techniques support that high versus low dietary polyphenol intake predicts reduced risk for neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, and early death from all causes. Emerging science reveals that many of these health-related benefits can be traced to the biotransformed, gut-derived phenolics. In conclusion, the high consumption of unprocessed plant foods by inhabitants of countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea has been linked to multiple health and disease prevention benefits that are in large part due to a varied intake of polyphenols.

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A healthy gastrointestinal microbiome is dependent on dietary diversity

Cited by 277 publications

References 42 publications

Interactions between host genetics and gut microbiome in diabetes and metabolic syndrome

Interactions between host genetics and gut microbiome in diabetes and metabolic syndrome

Microbiota-host interplay at the gut epithelial level, health and nutrition

Diet Quality—The Greeks Had It Right!

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