A Harmonic Time-Current-Voltage Directional Relay for Optimal Protection Coordination of Inverter-Based Islanded Microgrids

El-Sayed, Wael T.; Azzouz, Maher A.; Zeineldin, H. H.; El-Saadany, Ehab F.

doi:10.1109/tsg.2020.3044350

Cited by 38 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The primary control action is undertaken in matter of seconds in response to load changes without the need for complex communication structure in flexible and reliable manner. Nevertheless, this basic method still suffers from certain drawbacks mainly in reactive power sharing and voltage level impact [27,34,[46][47][48][49][50][51]; frequency restoration and active power sharing [32,[52][53][54][55]; poor renewable energy integration [20,[56][57][58][59]; slow damping response to oscillations in the system [60][61][62][63][64][65]; vulnerability to line impedance and coupling inductance [11,66,67]; inaccurate harmonic compensation [68,69]; and protection scheme interference [11,69]. These limitations of the basic droop control method are addressed by optimal design and selection of the parameters and coefficients [54,60,70] and by proposing new adjustments and techniques to enhance the basic droop control performance [52,53,71].…”

Section: Primary Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The control problem of DCIMG was extended to serve different stability and protection issues in the MG. As in [67], a virtual impedance controller has been optimized to minimize the reactive power-sharing error for IBDG. Conversely, to adjust the droop voltage reference point, the amplitude and angle of voltage harmonic component controller was simultaneously optimized in [68], while the time dial setting for a directional harmonic relay controller was carefully selected to ensure reliable and cost-effective microgrid protection [69].…”

Section: Control and Ems Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, reliability indicators can take the form of protection optimization problem, where the ability to have adequate protection and safe operation for islanded microgrids is considered via minimal time response for the harmonic directional relay [69] and the minimal MG total harmonic distortion (THD) factor [68].…”

Section: Reliability Maximizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These ramping limits are necessary to set a boundary for the response from DG units to load changes and the point when load following is not possible. In converter-or inverter-controlled DG units, a current limit is often applied to limit the generated active power [31,38,41] or to ensure the safe operation of equipment [69].…”

Section: Dg Power Limitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, when the decision variables of the problem are continuous and discrete, then a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) software called CPLEX is used. This is a commonly used software for classical optimization programming techniques in the literature and is usually modeled in different platforms such as the general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) [69,92,126,133,150,152,[163][164][165][166][167][168], a mathematical programming language (AMPL) [86,131], or MATLAB [109,110]. Moreover, a reconfiguration problem to maximize the loadability of multi-connected microgrids has been solved by CPLEX using the mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) algorithm to expedite the calculation time [117].…”

Section: Classical Optimization Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal Allocation and Operation of Droop-Controlled Islanded Microgrids: A Review

Kreishan

Zobaa

2021

Energies

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This review paper provides a critical interpretation and analysis of almost 150 dedicated optimization research papers in the field of droop-controlled islanded microgrids. The significance of optimal microgrid allocation and operation studies comes from their importance for further deployment of renewable energy, reliable and stable autonomous operation on a larger scale, and the electrification of rural and isolated communities. Additionally, a comprehensive overview of islanded microgrids in terms of structure, type, and hierarchical control strategy was presented. Furthermore, a larger emphasis was given to the main optimization problems faced by droop-controlled islanded microgrids such as allocation, scheduling and dispatch, reconfiguration, control, and energy management systems. The main outcome of this review in relation to optimization problem components is the classification of objective functions, constraints, and decision variables into 10, 9, and 6 distinctive categories, respectively, taking into consideration the multi-criteria decision problems as well as the optimization with uncertainty problems in the classification criterion. Additionally, the optimization techniques used were investigated and identified as classical and artificial intelligence algorithms with the latter gaining popularity in recent years. Lastly, some future trends for research were put forward and explained based on the critical analysis of the selected papers.

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