A happier and less sinister past, a more hedonistic and less fatalistic present and a more structured future: time perspective and well-being

Sailer, Uta; Rosenberg, Patricia; Nima, Ali Al; Gamble, Amelie; Gärling, Tommy; Archer, Trevor; Garcia, Danilo

doi:10.7717/peerj.303

Cited by 56 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Deterioration in health status, for instance, is associated with reduced levels of emotional and physical well-being [31]. The notion of affectivity presents a confluence of emotions and attributes -psychological, biological and social -that determine individuals' perceptions and experiences of situations [32]. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to examine AN patients' emotional well-being and background health information in comparison to age-matched healthy control subjects.…”

Section: Researchmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…They had all been afflicted with the symptoms for over five on arrival at the Anorexia & Bulimia Clinic for Adults (Sahlgrenska University Hospital), and described themselves as "well-behaved girls". The healthy volunteer participants (i.e., 114 Controls) were selected from a larger sample collected in another study using the same instruments to measure affect [32].…”

Section: Participants and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emotional Well-Being in Anorexia Nervosa: Negative Affect, Sleeping Problems, Use of Mood-enhancing Drugs and Exercise Frequency

Archer¹

2015

Arch Depress Anxiety

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The purpose of this study was to ascertain emotional well-being among patients presenting ninety anorexia nervosa (AN) and healthy age-matched controls using the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule and the Emotional Well-Being Scale together with background health information. The results indicated that AN patients displayed higher levels of negative affect and negative emotions, more stress and depression, greater sleeping problems, pain, and use of analgesics and mood-enhancing drugs, as well as lower levels of positive affect and positive emotions, compared to the age-matched healthy controls. Despite their negative self-report, on the variables pertaining to affect, sleep and pain, the AN patients reported a higher frequency of physical exercise. Regression analysis indicated that the AN condition, from diagnosis, was predicted from negative affect, sleeping problems, use of moodenhancing drugs and exercise frequency. Hence, suggesting that excessive exercise together with depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, additive behaviors and sleep problems represent AN from a perspective of multiple comorbidities.compared with healthy volunteers, assessed on Estonian versions of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2, positive affect and negative affect (measured by the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule), and Neuroticism made the largest contribution to Eating Disorder-2 subscales, with Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness (measured by the NEO Personality Inventory), predisposing individuals to eating problems [5]. It has been shown also that patients with AN inhibit expressions of both positive and negative emotions, even after controlling for neuroticism, with higher levels of hostility and neuroticism; they were less aware of their inner thoughts and feelings, "private self-consciousness", and had a heightened awareness of the thoughts and expectations of others, "public selfconsciousness", [6]. Patients presenting eating disorders often report alexithymia, an inability to identify and describe their emotions and affective status [7,8]. They show a paucity of words expressing feelings and demonstrate difficulties in identifying and distinguishing feeling of physical sensations. Alexithymia and personal distress seem to predict the vulnerability features of Anorexia Nervosa (AN) with higher levels of personal distress in the latter linked to poor selfregulation and emotional awareness [9].There is a high comorbidity between AN and anxiety and/or alexithymia disorders [10], moreover, AN patients display certain features similar to those abusing substances/exercise, through a 'narrowed' behavioral repertoire such that weight loss, food intake restriction, and excessive exercise interfere with other activities in a similar fashion to substance/exercise abuse [11]. Further, comorbidity between AN, anxiety, depression and psychoactive substance use has been described [12]. It is likely that the disorder elevates anxiety, depression with stress presenting a predisposing factor to poorer ...

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Section: Researchmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Participants and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional Well-Being in Anorexia Nervosa: Negative Affect, Sleeping Problems, Use of Mood-enhancing Drugs and Exercise Frequency

Archer¹

2015

Arch Depress Anxiety

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“…Psychology societal functioning (cf. Sailer et al, 2014;Garcia, Sailer, Nima & Archer, 2016;Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2004;Stolarski, Wiberg, & Osin, 2015;Dunkel & Weber, 2010;Figueira & Bártolo-Ribeiro, 2013). In the present study, we aimed to investigate if individuals differ in their perspective of time depending on their dark character profiles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The understanding of human awareness in time and space might have important ramifications. For example, awareness of the self around a balanced time perspective is denoted as important for well-being (e.g., Sailer et al, 2014;Garcia, Sailer, Nima, & Archer, 2016), but if it is in the space of a self-centered and manipulative character profile (MNP), then it might lead to uncooperative behavior, which is definitely a bad foundation for a good society.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A balanced time perspective (i.e., low past negative, high past positive, low present hedonistic, and high future; Zimbardo & Boyd, 2008, Stolarski, Bitner, & Zimbardo, 2011) is suggested as necessary for the experience of well-being and optimal societal functioning (Sailer, Rosenberg, Nima, Gamble, Gärling, Archer, & Garcia, 2014;Garcia, Sailer, Nima & Archer, 2016;Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2004;Stolarski, Wiberg, & Osin, 2015;Dunkel & Weber, 2010;Figueira & Bártolo-Ribeiro, 2013;Drake, Duncan, Sutherland, Abernethy & Henry, 2008;Boniwell, Osin, Linley & Ivanchenko, 2010;Stolarski, Bitner & Zimbardo, 2011;Vowinckel, Westerhof, Bohlmeijer, & Webster, 2015;Webster, 2011). For instance, time perspective or the way in which individuals anchor events and experiences in time to make sense of them is predictive of their life satisfaction (Garcia, Sailer, Al Nima, & Archer, 2016;Sailer et al, 2014), use of drugs, alcohol and tobacco (Keough, Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), risky driving (Zimbardo, Keough, & Boyd, 1997), and aggression (Stolarski, Zajenkowski, & Zajenkowska, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dark Time Matter: Dark Character Profiles and Time Perspective

Garcia¹,

Rosenberg²,

Moraga³

et al. 2018

PSYCH

Self Cite

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Background: Humans seem to have a unique ability to consciously organize the flow of time (i.e., past, present, and future) and to intentionally choose goals and values (i.e., character: self, others, the universe). These two parts of human awareness have implications for individuals' relation to a society that will flourish or perish. In fact, a balanced time perspective is suggested as necessary for the experience of well-being and optimal societal functioning. Nevertheless, low character development might be expressed as a Dark Triad: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. In the present study, we aimed to investigate if individuals differ in their outlook on time depending on their dark character profiles. Method: We re-analyzed data from a previous study in which participants (N = 338) responded to the Short Dark Triad Inventory and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. However, here we use the Dark Cube (Garcia, 2017a), a model of malevolent character based on Cloninger's biopsychosocial theory of personality and in the assumption of a Dark Triad, thus, clustering individuals in eight profiles (i.e., the combination of high/low in three malevolent character traits). Results: The results for each trait suggest multi-finality (i.e., same antecedents, different outcomes) and equifinality (i.e., different antecedents, same outcomes). For example, individuals high in narcissism presented a balanced time perspective when manipulative behavior was also high and psychopathy was low. Conclusions: In certain conditions, malevolent character is associated to a balanced time perspective. Thus, suggesting that in order to understand well-being and optimal societal functioning, we need to look at human awareness in relation to both time (i.e., past, present, future) and space (i.e., character: self, others, the universe).

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The mediating role of thinking styles in the relationship between adolescent time perspective and subjective well‐being

Kuan

2022

Journal of Adolescence

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Introduction:The mechanism behind how time perspective (TP) relates to subjective well-being is not fully understood and thinking styles might be potential mediators. However, our understanding of the relationship between thinking styles and subjective well-being is currently limited to adult studies. This study aims to extend the literature by examining the mediating role of thinking styles in the relationship between TP and subjective well-being in an adolescent sample. Methods: One hundred forty-nine male and one hundred and fourteen female secondary school students (13-18 years old) in Hong Kong responded to the Thinking Styles Inventory-Revised II (TSI-R2), the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and the Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale (TSWLS) in two waves separated by 2 months in 2017. Results: After controlling for gender and TP, internal and external styles positively predicted positive affect and future life satisfaction after 2 months. Adaptive Type I hierarchical style positively predicted both positive and negative affect after 2 months, which supports the two-dimensional structure of affect. Unexpectedly, maladaptive Type II styles did not predict subjective well-being. Longitudinal mediation using cross-lagged panel model showed that thinking styles mediated three relationships between TP and subjective well-being. The internal style mediated the relationship between Past-Negative TP, positive affect, and future life satisfaction, while the external style mediated the relationship between Future TP and future life satisfaction. Conclusions: Thinking styles predicted adolescent subjective well-being and acted as mediators in the relationship between TPs and subjective well-being.

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A happier and less sinister past, a more hedonistic and less fatalistic present and a more structured future: time perspective and well-being

Cited by 56 publications

References 55 publications

Emotional Well-Being in Anorexia Nervosa: Negative Affect, Sleeping Problems, Use of Mood-enhancing Drugs and Exercise Frequency

Emotional Well-Being in Anorexia Nervosa: Negative Affect, Sleeping Problems, Use of Mood-enhancing Drugs and Exercise Frequency

Dark Time Matter: Dark Character Profiles and Time Perspective

The mediating role of thinking styles in the relationship between adolescent time perspective and subjective well‐being

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