A handheld-type total integrated capillary electrophoresis system for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics: Power, fluorescence detection, and data analysis by smartphone

Best practices and current implementation of emerging smartphone-based (bio)sensors – Part 1: Data handling and ethics

“…Machine learning [42], federated learning [56] Online or offline data handling Data handling on the cloud (online) [48], data handling on a smartphone (offline) [57] detector' (UWED) was developed where a smartphone was used as the user interface for setting the experimental parameters, following the result in real-time, and for transmitting the acquired data from the smartphone to the cloud [62]. Moreover, because the UWED wirelessly transfers data via Bluetooth, it is compatible with all modern smartphones [62].…”

“…Two main formats of optical data were identified in the reviewed literature, namely, (i) RGB (red, green, blue) images [36] and videos [57] acquired by smartphone cameras, and (ii) light intensity [32] measured by the ALS [64]. Both formats of optical data are useful for different applications, indicating that the sensor choice and data type are application-dependent.…”

Smartphone-Based Electrochemical Immunoassay for Point-of-Care Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein

“…The ingenious combination of the extremely low detection limit of electrochemical immunodetection and the highly integrated electronic device gets rid of the traditional electrochemical workstation, which is a new trend for the application of electrochemical sensing toward POC applications. − Recently, diverse electrochemical schemes involving smartphones have been reported in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 because of portability and ease of operation . For instance, Li et al proposed a microfluidic immunosensor for rapid, highly sensitive, and portable measurement of the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2 N protein) in serum using a hand-held diagnostic device .…”

“… 10 − 12 Recently, diverse electrochemical schemes involving smartphones have been reported in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 because of portability and ease of operation. 13 For instance, Li et al proposed a microfluidic immunosensor for rapid, highly sensitive, and portable measurement of the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2 N protein) in serum using a hand-held diagnostic device. 14 Torres et al reported that a specific molecular recognition event between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 was converted into a resistive signal, enabling the detection process on a smartphone.…”

Function of the Speech Recognition of the Smartphone to Automatically Operate a Portable Sample Pretreatment Microfluidic System

“…1,2 With the current COVID-19 pandemic, the direction of LOC moved toward integrating multiple miniaturized functional units on a single device to create a micro total analysis system (μTAS). 3,4 One of the most critical components of μTAS is the sample pretreatment, which is the prerequisite step, affecting the result of downstream nucleic acid amplification and detection. 5 However, the integration of nucleic acid extraction has been considered one of the most challenging tasks due to the difficulty in the precise manipulation of multiple reagents on a microliter scale and the need for complex tubing and pumping systems causing low yield and reproducibility.…”