“…With the advancement of sophisticated experimental methods for generation, and characterization techniques,m ost fleeting intermediates can be illuminated for timescales of 10 3 ms, ms, ns,p s, and fs, timescales that were only postulated in the early days of physical organic chemistry. [126] In the last few years,intensive efforts have been dedicated to innovative synthetic methods for CI generation, characterization, and investigations on their reactivity.N ew experimental techniques have been developed for the generation of CIs and for examining their chemical structures as well as properties.The direct detection of CIs in the gas phase and their precise spectroscopic characterization have provided in-depth details on their nature,lifetime,reactivity,and electronic structure,and have shown that they have as ubstantial zwitterionic rather than abiradical character.…”