A guideline supplement for determining the aquatic toxicity of poorly water-soluble complex mixtures using water-accommodated fractions

Toxicological and ecotoxicological properties of gas-to-liquid (GTL) products. 2. Ecotoxicology

“…In the WAF method, which is an approach endorsed by several regulatory authorities in the EU and elsewhere (European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals [ECETOC] 1996; Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD] 2000) and (Singer et al 2000), aqueous toxicity test media are prepared by mixing the test material with appropriate test media (i.e. media suitable for the organisms being used in the test) for a prolonged period following the recommendations of Girling et al (1992Girling et al ( , 1994. The WAFs were generated by stirring a known loading of the GTL substance with test media in a sealed flask with minimal headspace to reduce losses of volatile components.…”

Chemical comparison and acute toxicity of water accommodated fraction (WAF) of source and field collected Macondo oils from the Deepwater Horizon spill

“…However, the wide variety of biological and chemical analytical methods employed have produced a diverse collection of data which does not easily lend itself to cross-comparison (e.g. Anderson et al, 1974;Aurand and Coelho, 1996;Bennett et al, 1990;Blekinsopp et al, 1996;Girling et al, 1994;Mahler, 1982;Nordtug et al, 2011a;Shiu et al, 1988;Singer et al, 2000;Østgaard and Jensen, 1983). In the present study, the low-energy water accommodated fractions (LE-WAF) of oils were prepared using a method following the guidelines established by CROSERF (Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Research Forum).…”

Acute embryo toxicity and teratogenicity of three potential biofuels also used as flavor or solvent

“…WAFs were solely prepared and stored in or handled with glass vessels and glass pipettes. The partitioning of compounds into the aqueous phase is not directly correlated to the ratio of oil to water and in WAFs the relative volatile hydrocarbon concentration does not change linearly with oil loading (Girling et al, 1994;Singer et al, 2000). Therefore, WAFs were prepared by using different oil/water rations instead of the serial dilution of a WAF prepared with only a single oil/ water ratio.…”