A guide to the design of surface-water-quality studies

Abstract

Data interpretation is difficult under the simplest of conditions and requires hydrologic studies that are carefully designed. Good research presupposes carefully collected data, as well as data that were obtained at times when the information content was highest. To accomplish the careful design of hydrologic studies and to obtain quality data, the U.S. Geological Survey works through small organizational units. The principles of a well-designed study are: 1) Use the scientific method; 2) define the problem and the approach; 3) state the objectives of the data collection; 4) determine what and how to sample; 5) decide where to sample; 6) begin report preparation early in the study; 7) do the work with little or no rework; and 8) complete the report on schedule.

Phytoplankton as bioindicators of water quality in Nasarawa reservoir, Katsina State Nigeria

“…Stratified sampling technique was used to establish the sampling sites. The minimum distance between the sampling stations was 200 meters (Averett & Schroder, 1994). Water samples were collected randomly from February to November, 2018.…”

Guidelines for design and sampling for cyanobacterial toxin and taste-and-odor studies in lakes and reservoirs

“…surface-water-quality studies (Friedman and Erdmann, 1982;Shampine and others, 1992;Averett and Schroder, 1994).…”

Measures of Success: Uncertainty and Defining the Outcomes of River Restoration Schemes

“…Basic guidance for developing water quality monitoring plans is provided by Averett and Schroder (1993). Water quality constituents are measured through laboratory analysis of samples or using instruments for more frequent in situ measurements of selected properties (e.g.…”