A Guide to the Birds of Wallacea

Assessing Potential Distributions of Bird Endemic Species: Case Studies of Macrocephalon maleo and Rhyticeros cassidix and Their Threats

“…The M. maleo species utilizes natural heat sources (geothermal) or stretches of sand on beaches as spawning locations [1]. This species requires special natural conditions with soil surface temperatures of around 29.4-36°C (obtained from either solar or volcanic heat) [2,3]. Sometimes, M. maleo can also be found on the banks of lakes or rivers [51].…”

“…The knobbed hornbill lives in high primary forests, swamp forests, and secondary forests [1]. These two endemic species are known to prefer living in pairs and are more terrestrial [1][2][3]. The characters and behaviors of these species describe their living environments, which are from forest and far from all forms of human activity.…”

Sangihe Dwarf Kingfisher Ceyx sangirensis: a distinct and extinct endemic species

“…This roughly translates as 'regular' kingfisher in contrast to 'Bengka besar', the 'big' kingfisher, which is the Sangihe Lilac Kingfisher Cittura sanghirensis. Presumably 'Bengka biasa' was the local name for Ruddy Kingfisher, which is a scarce resident on Sangihe (subspecies Halcyon coromanda rufa) but also a regularly encountered non-breeding visitor to the island (subspecies H. c. major) (Coates & Bishop 1997, Eaton et al 2016, 2021, Kamminga & Creuwels 2023.…”

Full Issue

“…A hundred years later, in a pioneering paper drawing attention to the plight of bird species on the island, Whitten et al (1987) reported that 'virtually all of Sangihe has been converted to coconut and nutmeg plantations or else is covered by patches of secondary forest from abandoned gardens'. Coates & Bishop (1997) considered the kingfisher 'possibly extinct… due to habitat loss' (repeated in Woodall 2001) and simultaneously Riley (1997a), reporting no post-1986 sightings, suggested that it had been 'unable to adapt to the loss of forest habitat'. However, the final report of the Action Sampiri expedition (Riley 1997b) mentioned a possible encounter along the Sahendaruman ridge in November 1996 and a record by P. Verbelen (in litt.)…”

“…This roughly translates as 'regular' kingfisher in contrast to 'Bengka besar', the 'big' kingfisher, which is the Sangihe Lilac Kingfisher Cittura sanghirensis. Presumably 'Bengka biasa' was the local name for Ruddy Kingfisher, which is a scarce resident on Sangihe (subspecies Halcyon coromanda rufa) but also a regularly encountered non-breeding visitor to the island (subspecies H. c. major) (Coates & Bishop 1997, Eaton et al 2016, Kamminga & Creuwels 2023.…”