A Gross‐Margin Model for Defining Technoeconomic Benchmarks in the Electroreduction of CO<sub>2</sub>

Verma, Sumit; Kim, Byoungsu; Jhong, Huei Ru Molly; Ma, Sichao; Kenis, Paul J. A.

doi:10.1002/cssc.201600394

Cited by 557 publications

(524 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Of important note, the commercial viability of CO 2 RR to different products depends on a series of factors including not only the market demand of the product, but also the material, manufacturing, and separation costs. Although it is intuitively more desirable to control the selectivity toward higher‐valued products such as ethylene, ethanol, acetate, n ‐propanol, or even C 4 products, recent technoeconomic analysis unambiguously points out that the two‐electron electrochemical CO 2 RR to CO or formic acid is the most economically viable, whereas those C 2 –C 4 products other than propanol are not even profitable . This is understandable because the electricity cost is the major contributor to the operation cost of CO 2 electrolyzer.…”

Section: Fundamentals Of Electrochemical Co2 Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promises of Main Group Metal–Based Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction to Formate

Han

Pan

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

472

384

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Selective CO2 reduction to formic acid or formate is the most technologically and economically viable approach to realize electrochemical CO2 valorization. Main group metal–based (Sn, Bi, In, Pb, and Sb) nanostructured materials hold great promise, but are still confronted with several challenges. Here, the current status, challenges, and future opportunities of main group metal–based nanostructured materials for electrochemical CO2 reduction to formate are reviewed. Firstly, the fundamentals of electrochemical CO2 reduction are presented, including the technoeconomic viability of different products, possible reaction pathways, standard experimental procedure, and performance figures of merit. This is then followed by detailed discussions about different types of main group metal–based electrocatalyst materials, with an emphasis on underlying material design principles for promoting the reaction activity, selectivity, and stability. Subsequently, recent efforts on flow cells and membrane electrode assembly cells are reviewed so as to promote the current density as well as mechanistic studies using in situ characterization techniques. To conclude a short perspective is offered about the future opportunities and directions of this exciting field.

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Section: Fundamentals Of Electrochemical Co2 Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promises of Main Group Metal–Based Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction to Formate

Han

Pan

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

472

384

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“…However, regarding an industrial implementation of electrochemical CO 2 electrolyzers towards CO there are still several challenges that must be solved. For electrolyzers to be commercially applicable, long‐term stability and selectivity with current densities above 200 mA/cm 2 are required . Consequently, the academic community has given much attention to improve the electrocatalyst.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Reduction of CO₂: Effect of Convective CO₂ Supply in Gas Diffusion Electrodes

et al. 2019

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The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) is a promising technology in light of energy transition and industrial electrification. In this study, two different electrolyzer configurations, flow‐through and flow‐by modes, were analyzed for the production of carbon monoxide to resolve the CO2 mass‐transfer limitation problem at high current densities in gas diffusion electrodes. These two configurations respectively state convective and diffusive flow inside the gas diffusion layer, and their effect was studied on the cathodic performance of the electrolyzer by varying the operating conditions: cathodic potential, electrocatalyst loading, and Nafion content. In flow‐through configuration, a current density of 220 mA/cm2 could be achieved at a faradaic efficiency of 90 %; whereas, in the flow‐by configuration, the current density was at the same faradaic efficiency limited to 140 mA/cm2. However, the flow‐through configuration has a few limitations, such as lower energy efficiency, owing to the higher ohmic drop and the faster deactivation caused by crystallization of electrolyte salts inside the gas diffusion electrode. Therefore, flow‐by mode is currently the most adequate configuration for the long‐term operation of electrolyzers for the reduction of CO2 to CO. This study represents an essential step toward the application of electrolyzers for the electroreduction of CO2.

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“…[1] In particular, several techno-economic analyses proposed the CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) to carbon monoxide (CO) or formate/formic acid (HCOO − /HCOOH) to be economically most viable. [3] Due to the low solubility of CO 2 in water (≈34 × 10 −3 m at 1 bar and 25 °C [4] ), the current density for CO 2 RR is limited to ≈20 mA cm −2 using dissolved CO 2 as reactant. [3] Due to the low solubility of CO 2 in water (≈34 × 10 −3 m at 1 bar and 25 °C [4] ), the current density for CO 2 RR is limited to ≈20 mA cm −2 using dissolved CO 2 as reactant.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrocatalytic Reduction of Gaseous CO₂ to CO on Sn/Cu‐Nanofiber‐Based Gas Diffusion Electrodes

Jiang

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

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CO partial current densities of 144 [6g] and 147 mA cm −2 , [7a] respectively.Here, we investigate the electrocatalytic performance and stability of a GDE design for the electrocatalytic reduction of gaseous CO 2 employing earth-abundant tin/copper (Sn/Cu) catalysts. Sn-decorated Cu surfaces were shown previously to provide high selectivity for CO 2 to CO conversion in aqueous electrolyte and achieve CO partial current densities of up to 11.5 mA cm −2 . [8] However, at higher current densities, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) starts to dominate due to insufficient CO 2 supply. [8b] To enhance CO 2 mass transport, we develop a process to fabricate electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers with uniform Cu coating, and employ electrochemical underpotential deposition (UPD) of Sn to decorate the Cu surface. We demonstrate that Sn/Cu-coated PVDF (Sn/Cu-PVDF) nanofiber GDEs have CO faradaic efficiencies (FEs) above 80%, and achieve high CO partial current densities of up to 104 mA cm −2 , representing the highest reported current density for a Sn/Cu-based catalyst for CO 2 RR to CO.We employ electrospun PVDF nanofiber membranes as templates for fabricating freestanding Cu-nanofiber electrodes (Figure 1; Figure S1, Supporting Information). The PVDF surface is activated by grafting a self-assembled polydopamine (pDA) layer. [9] The pDA layer provides nuclei for electroless Cu deposition from a precursor consisting of 50 × 10 −3 m Cu(II) ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Cu-EDTA) and 0.1 m borane dimethylamine complex. After a reaction at 35 °C for 2 h, conformally Cu-coated PVDF (Cu-PVDF) nanofibers form a conductive network with a sheet resistivity lower than 2.41 Ω. UPD, providing 2D deposition control, is employed to decorate the Cu-PVDF nanofibers with Sn. Control over the exact amount of Sn is critical to obtain high selectivity for CO 2 RR to CO. [8a,b] On CO-selective Sn/Cu catalysts, the initial intermediate of the CO 2 RR is proposed to bind to the surface via the carbon (*COOH). [8g,10] When the amount of Sn on the Cu surface exceeds the optimal value, CO 2 binds to the surface preferentially via the oxygen forming a bidentate *OCHO intermediate, [8g,10] and behaves similarly to a Sn electrode which is selective for HCOO − . [8c-g,11] To quantify the coverage of deposited Sn by UPD, we make use of a polycrystalline Cu rotating disk electrode with an electrochemical surface area of 0.686 cm 2 . Sn UPD from an Ar-saturated 1 × 10 −3 m SnSO 4 + 0.1 m H 2 SO 4 solution correlates to the reduction peak tailing to Earth-abundant Sn/Cu catalysts are highly selective for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO 2 to CO in aqueous electrolytes. However, CO 2 mass transport limitations, resulting from the low solubility of CO 2 in water, so far limit the CO partial current density for Sn/Cu catalysts to about 10 mA cm −2 . Here, a freestanding gas diffusion electrode design based on Sn-decorated Cu-coated electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride nanofibers is demonstrated. The use of gaseous CO 2 as a feedst...

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A Gross‐Margin Model for Defining Technoeconomic Benchmarks in the Electroreduction of CO₂

Cited by 557 publications

References 55 publications

Promises of Main Group Metal–Based Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction to Formate

Promises of Main Group Metal–Based Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction to Formate

Electrochemical Reduction of CO₂: Effect of Convective CO₂ Supply in Gas Diffusion Electrodes

Electrocatalytic Reduction of Gaseous CO₂ to CO on Sn/Cu‐Nanofiber‐Based Gas Diffusion Electrodes

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A Gross‐Margin Model for Defining Technoeconomic Benchmarks in the Electroreduction of CO2

Cited by 557 publications

References 55 publications

Promises of Main Group Metal–Based Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to Formate

Promises of Main Group Metal–Based Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to Formate

Electrochemical Reduction of CO2: Effect of Convective CO2 Supply in Gas Diffusion Electrodes

Electrocatalytic Reduction of Gaseous CO2 to CO on Sn/Cu‐Nanofiber‐Based Gas Diffusion Electrodes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

A Gross‐Margin Model for Defining Technoeconomic Benchmarks in the Electroreduction of CO₂

Promises of Main Group Metal–Based Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction to Formate

Promises of Main Group Metal–Based Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction to Formate

Electrochemical Reduction of CO₂: Effect of Convective CO₂ Supply in Gas Diffusion Electrodes

Electrocatalytic Reduction of Gaseous CO₂ to CO on Sn/Cu‐Nanofiber‐Based Gas Diffusion Electrodes