A green route for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil over base heterogeneous catalyst

Abstract

Summary The present work describes the synthesis of porous BaSnO3 by eco‐friendly sol‐gel method using albumin as a bio‐template agent, and its application as a solid base catalyst in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. The physico‐chemical, textural, and morphological properties of the catalyst were evaluated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and temperature programmed desorption (TPD)–CO2 techniques. The synthesized catalyst showed considerable stability, efficient catalytic activity, and negligible metal leaching. The satisfactory performance of the catalyst could be ascribed to the presence of basic sites of different strength on the surface of the catalyst. The catalyst produced maximum biodiesel yield of 96% at optimum reaction conditions of 90°C reaction temperature, methanol to oil molar ratio of 10:1, catalyst dosage of 6 wt%, and reaction time of 2 hours. Moreover, the catalyst showed substantial reusability up to five reaction cycles without any considerable decrease in transesterification activity.

Performance and emission analysis of high purity biodiesel blends in diesel engine

“…In this article, biodiesel is produced by a combination of several techniques available in the literature [26][27][28][29] to produce a pure sample with highest yield. The chemicals and materials used in the production are, Vegetable oil Methanol Potassium hydroxide Distilled water Sodium chloride The procedure followed for this paper is mentioned below: A 0.5 M solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) is made in methanol and added to vegetable oil in the ratio 1:5.…”

Transesterification reaction for biodiesel production from soybean oil using Ni 0. 5 Zn 0 . 5 Fe 2 O 4 nanomagnetic catalyst: Kinetic study

“…Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, and cooking oils as raw material in the presence of a short chain alcohol such as methanol or ethanol. For this, different methods for biodiesel production are used, for example; micro‐encapsulation, esterification, pyrolysis, and transesterification 1‐3 . Among them, transesterification method is preferred for the reason that it produces biodiesel with low viscosity and its combustion characteristics are near to fuel produced from diesel 3 .…”

“…For this, different methods for biodiesel production are used, for example; micro‐encapsulation, esterification, pyrolysis, and transesterification 1‐3 . Among them, transesterification method is preferred for the reason that it produces biodiesel with low viscosity and its combustion characteristics are near to fuel produced from diesel 3 . Methanol is an alcohol preferred since it is inexpensive and has excellent physical and chemical properties, such as, a higher reactivity due to methanol being a polar molecule 3‐5 .…”

“…Among them, transesterification method is preferred for the reason that it produces biodiesel with low viscosity and its combustion characteristics are near to fuel produced from diesel 3 . Methanol is an alcohol preferred since it is inexpensive and has excellent physical and chemical properties, such as, a higher reactivity due to methanol being a polar molecule 3‐5 . Furthermore, however, homogenous catalysts are very much applied on transesterification process, but one of the shortcoming associated with homogenous catalysts is that, homogeneous catalysts are very difficult to separate from the components of mixture during reaction and must be neutralized and washed at the end of reaction, hence, creating difficulties in separation and recycling of spent catalysts 6‐8 .…”

One‐pot solvent‐free transformation of natural triglycerides to ester and amide derivatives over CaO@KC nanostructured catalysts

“…As a result, the heterogeneous catalysts which are highly efficient, ecologically correct, recyclable, and environment‐friendly are most demanding for advanced catalytic methods for the solvent‐free aminolysis of triglycerides . Biochar‐based (catalyst 6 wt%, yield 98%, reaction time 2.5 hours), zirconia‐alumina nanocatalyst (catalyst 3 wt%, yield 91.6%, reaction time 4 hours), spongy Ni/Fe carbonate‐fluorapatite (catalyst 9.5 wt%, yield 96%, reaction time 2 hours), sodium‐doped nanohydroxyapatite (catalyst 6 wt%, yield 98%, reaction time 2.5 hours), porous BaSnO 3 (catalyst 6 wt%, 96% yield, reaction time 2 hours), CaO/MCM‐41 nanocatalyst (catalyst 5 wt%, yield 96.8%, reaction time 6 hours), and alkali metal‐doped CaO‐based heterogeneous catalysts were reported for natural triglycerides conversion to fatty acid alkyl derivatives. Recently, our group has reported transition metal‐doped CaO for amidation reaction of variety of feedstocks with high catalytic activity .…”