A green and effective room-temperature recycling process of LiFePO4 cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Li, Li; Bian, Yifan; Zhang, Xiaoxiao; Yao, Ying; Xue, Qilong; Fan, Ersha; Wu, Feng; Chen, Renjie

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.01.012

Cited by 117 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Methods for LFP recycling explored so far remain to be based on hydrometallurgical processes or other destructive processes. [38][39][40][41][42][43][44] Ideally, solid-state annealing by adding a desired amount of lithium back into spent LFP cathode powders may also restore their orig-inal composition. However, it is practically challenging to determine an accurate quantity of lithium dosage for a large number of spent cells having significantly different SOHs.…”

Section: Electrochemical Performance Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing

Dai

Gao

et al. 2020

Joule

296

236

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A paradigm-shift lithium-ion battery recycling method based on defect-targeted healing can fully recover the composition, structure, and electrochemical performance of spent LiFePO4 cathodes with various degradation conditions to the same levels as that of the pristine materials. Such a direct recycling approach can significantly reduce energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions, leading to significant economic and environmental benefits compared with today's hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgic methods. This work may pave the way for industrial adoption of directly recycled lithium-ion battery materials.

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Section: Electrochemical Performance Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing

Dai

Gao

et al. 2020

Joule

296

236

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“…Traditionally, leaching is employed to decompose the spent LFP followed by selective precipitation to separate Li, Fe, and P, which are recycled as salts or further resynthesized as LFP. − However, large amounts of chemical agents are consumed during hydrometallurgical process, and correspondingly, it will discharge massive salty wastewater. − Recently, another hydrometallurgical option, the selective leaching of lithium, becomes more popular owing to the high selectivity of lithium and lower consumption of chemical agents. The valuable lithium is usually extracted and recovered as Li 2 CO 3 , but the efficient recycling of the leaching residues has not been realized to date. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Regeneration of Spent LiFePO₄ Cathode Material by a Green and Efficient One-Step Hydrothermal Method

Jing

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

113

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The environmentally friendly and low-cost recycling of spent LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode material has become an urgent problem. Herein, a green and effective one-step hydrothermal approach was proposed for the direct regeneration of spent LFP. LFP will lose part of its lithium and convert into FePO4 (FP) during long-term cycles. Thus, a supplement of lost lithium is essential to regenerate spent LFP, and this is thermodynamically feasible to achieve under hydrothermal conditions. The hydrothermal conditions of temperature, Li+ concentration, and reductant dosage were investigated. It was found that enhancement of hydrothermal conditions was beneficial to supplementing lithium, correspondingly improving the electrochemical performance. Under the hydrothermal conditions of 200 °C for 3 h, 12 g L–1 of Li+, L/S = 6 mL g–1, and 1.0 mL of reductant (for every 5 g of spent LFP), the regenerated LFP displayed excellent discharge capacities of 146.2 mAh g–1 at 0.2 C, 141.9 mAh g–1 at 1 C, and 128.2 mAh g–1 at 5 C. Additionally, the capacity retention reached up to 98.6% after 200 cycles at 1 C. This regeneration method has been demonstrated to be of good economic benefit and energy savings, which will provide technological support for the sustainable development of the LIBs industry.

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“…Although LFP is considered as an environmentally friendly material, improper disposal of spent LFP will cause serious environmental problems. Most important, the valuable resource of lithium, which is the most valuable metal in spent LFP, is worth recycling. − A lithium shortage will occur between 2021 and 2023 if lithium is not recycled . Therefore, developing an efficient and green route to recycling spent LFP is necessary for both environmental protection and resource conservation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Green and Cost-Effective Method for Production of LiOH from Spent LiFePO₄

Zheng

Zhu³

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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An environment friendly and cost-effective process has been developed for production of LiOH from spent LFP cathode material. By using a suspension electrolysis system comprising an electrodialysis process, the spent LFP cathode material was oxidized and released lithium ion in the anode chamber, which is similar to that in the charging of an LFP battery. More than 95% of Li was leached and the current efficiency can reach up to 85.81%. And then the resulting lithium ion was migrated through the cation-exchange membrane and generated LiOH with OH– in the cathode chamber. High purity LiOH solution could be obtained due to the impurities in anode chamber being insulated by the monovalent permselectivity cation-exchange membrane. Kinetics analysis indicates that the delithiation process on the anode electrode was divided into two stages. In the first stage, the reaction rate was limited by the electrochemistry. Thereafter, it was controlled by the diffusion in the second stage. Finally, LiOH·H2O can be directly produced after evaporative crystallization via vacuum evaporation. A green close-loop process was then proposed, in which very little solid waste or wastewater is generated. Compared with other recovery processes, the proposed process has the highest profit due to the production of LiOH·H2O which is more valuable and no chemical regents being consumed.

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A green and effective room-temperature recycling process of LiFePO4 cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Cited by 117 publications

References 34 publications

Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing

Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing

Direct Regeneration of Spent LiFePO₄ Cathode Material by a Green and Efficient One-Step Hydrothermal Method

A Green and Cost-Effective Method for Production of LiOH from Spent LiFePO₄

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A green and effective room-temperature recycling process of LiFePO4 cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Cited by 117 publications

References 34 publications

Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing

Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing

Direct Regeneration of Spent LiFePO4 Cathode Material by a Green and Efficient One-Step Hydrothermal Method

A Green and Cost-Effective Method for Production of LiOH from Spent LiFePO4

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Direct Regeneration of Spent LiFePO₄ Cathode Material by a Green and Efficient One-Step Hydrothermal Method

A Green and Cost-Effective Method for Production of LiOH from Spent LiFePO₄