A green, accurate and sensitive analytical method based on vortex assisted deep eutectic solvent-liquid phase microextraction for the determination of cobalt by slotted quartz tube flame atomic absorption spectrometry

Cobalt separation from water and food samples based on penicillamine ionic liquid and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction before determination by AT-FAAS

“…Based on disorder of copper metabolism, copper accumulated in human body and the penicillamine extracted extra copper from body but, it can be removed the other essential metals from body [14,15]. Many analytical methods such as electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS) [16], the flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS) [17] and the inductively coupled plasma optical emission/ mass spectrometry (ICP-OES, ICP-MS) [18] have previously used for the determination of cobalt in various water and food samples. Moreover, analytical techniques based on the above instruments cannot enough to use for solving the difficulty matrices.…”

Deep Eutectic Solvents Application in Food Analysis

“…Among them, the speed, simplicity and low-cost of DLLME has made it the most widely used, allowing the preconcentration of different analytes in a wide variety of food matrices. It is important to highlight that in most cases, the hydrophilic DESs have been dispersed through various physical processes (manual agitation [53], ultrasound [14,30,38,39,44,46,47,50,51,[61][62][63]70,73] or vortex stirring [12,13,22,33,40,43,45,48,49,52,59,63,69], temperature change [57], or air bubbled when pulling-pushing a syringe [42,55,64,71]), using few microliters of the extraction solvent and without the need for organic solvents. Additionally, some applications in which the drop obtained after the extraction stage has been solidified can be found [48,68], which allows the recovery of the complete drop and makes the procedure simpler, safer and faster [73].…”

“…However, and as it has been previously mentioned, the miscibility of hydrophilic DESs with water generally limits their direct application to aqueous samples. For this reason, in these cases, a dispersing or emulsifying agent (generally tetrahydrofuran, THF, or acetonitrile, ACN) is usually added to obtain a cloudy solution, achieving the separation of the two liquid phases after a shaking and centrifugation step in DES-based DLLME procedures [12,40,42,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]54,56]. Nonetheless, the addition of this solvent has negative consequences since it may reduce the environmental friendliness and increases the laboratory hazards.…”

“…After the application of the DESs as extraction solvents in the above-mentioned procedures, analytes have generally been determined by HPLC or ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) using different detection systems, such as UV [21,[29][30][31][32]44,52,57,70,73], diode array detector (DAD) [10,25,35,36,59,67], FD [37,39,60,65], tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) [33], as a result of their appropriate solubility in the mobile phase, or ICP-MS, this last for free seleno-amino acids determination [24]. However, they have also been separated and detected by UV-Vis spectrophotometry [14,22,38,40,45], atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) [11,23,47,68], slotted quartz tube-flame AAS [48,49], hydride generation AAS [12], graphite furnace AAS [15,26,42], ETAAS [13,27,46,50,51,71] and ICP-optical emission spectroscopy (OES) [28]. Gas c...…”

Utilization of a plasticized PVC optical sensor for the selective and efficient detection of cobalt(ii) in environmental samples

“…A variety of sensitive and selective analytical methodologies such as electroanalysis, 5 atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), 6 flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), 2,7–12 electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS), 13,14 chemiluminescence, 15 X-ray fluorescence, 16 laser-induced thermal lens spectrometry, 17 neutron activation analysis (NAA), 18 inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), 19,20 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), 21 and spectrophotometry 22–30 have been demonstrated for the assessment of cobalt in various samples. However, many of these methods involve the risk of sample contamination and analyte loss due to the sample preparation and preconcentration steps.…”