A Gradient Relationship Between Low Birth Weight and IQ at Age 6 Years

Breslau, Naomi; DelDotto, Jewel E.; Brown, Gregory G.; Kumar, Sunil; Ezhuthachan, Sudhakar; Hufnagle, Karen G.; Peterson, Edward L.

doi:10.1001/archpedi.1994.02170040043007

Cited by 126 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…For those children who survive past the first year of life, birthweight and its interaction with subsequent poverty is an important predictor of multiple measures of development (9). Most notable are the neurological deficits that LBW babies experience (82).…”

Section: Birthweight and The Lingering Effects Of Poverty On Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Holding other cofactors constant, there is a clear inverse relationship between gestational age at birth and developmental scores in a variety of tests at multiple ages (9,12). One study found that at age three only 12 percent of premature babies living in high-risk situations (poverty) functioned at the normal cognitive level (8).…”

Section: Birthweight and The Lingering Effects Of Poverty On Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Poverty on Child Health and Development

Aber

Bennett

Conley

et al. 1997

Annu. Rev. Public Health

441

289

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Poverty has been shown to negatively influence child health and development along a number of dimensions. For example, poverty-net of a variety of potentially confounding factors-is associated with increased neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates, greater risk of injuries resulting from accidents or physical abuse/neglect, higher risk for asthma, and lower developmental scores in a range of tests at multiple ages.Despite the extensive literature available that addresses the relationship between poverty and child health and development, as yet there is no consensus on how poverty should be operationalized to reflect its dynamic nature. Perhaps more important is the lack of agreement on the set of controls that should be included in the modeling of this relationship in order to determine the "true" or net effect of poverty, independent of its cofactors. In this paper, we suggest a general model that should be adhered to when investigating the effects of poverty on children. We propose a standard set of controls and various measures of poverty that should be incorporated in any study, when possible. 463

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Section: Birthweight and The Lingering Effects Of Poverty On Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Birthweight and The Lingering Effects Of Poverty On Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Poverty on Child Health and Development

Aber

Bennett

Conley

et al. 1997

Annu. Rev. Public Health

441

289

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[1][2][3][4][5] We showed in a twin study that part of the positive association between birth weight and childhood IQ may be mediated by genetic effects. 2 We are interested whether there is any relation between catch-up growth and cognition, because a recent study reported that in zebra finches the level of compensatory growth after a period of poor nutrition was associated with long-term negative consequences for cognitive function.…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

A Twin Study of Cognitive Costs of Low Birth Weight and Catch-up Growth

Burk

Bartels

Hoekstra

et al. 2009

The Journal of Pediatrics

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“…Accumulating studies also suggest that while LBW and very low-birthweight (VLBW) children who escape major disability seem similar to children of normal birthweight on tests of general cognitive ability, they are less motorically competent (Ornstein 1991, Scottish Low Birthweight Study Group 1992b. Other studies also indicate that within samples of LBW children without disabilities, both motor and cognitive abilities covary with birthweight (Scottish Low Birthweight Study Group 1992, Breslau 1994.Since the introduction of neonatal cranial ultrasound in the early 1980s, the relation of perinatal brain injury, particularly white-matter injury, to major disability in LBW children has been demonstrated in both hospital-based (Kitchen et al1980, Low et al 1986, Sostek et al 1987, Bozynski et al 1988, Lewis and Bendersky 1989, Stewart et al 1989, Bennett et al 1990, Whitaker et al 1990) and population-based studies (Campbell 1993, Pinto-Martin et al 1995, Whitaker et al 1996. However, the relation of perinatal brain injury, as detected by ultrasound, to more subtle problems in motor performance and general cognitive ability in LBW children without disabilities has been studied to date in small hospital-based studies only (Crowe et al 1988, Marlow et al 1989, Fawer and Calame 1991, Levene 1992, Vohr et al 1992, Marlowe et al 1993, Weisglas-Kuperus et al 1993, Fawer et al 1995.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation of cranial ultrasound abnormalities in low‐birthweight infants to motor or cognitive performance at ages 2, 6, and 9 years

Pinto‐Martin

Whitaker

Feldman

et al. 1999

Develop Med Child Neuro

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This study sought to determine whether neonatal cranial ultrasound abnormalities are related to motor and cognitive outcomes in low-birthweight (LBW, <2000 g) children without major motor or cognitive disability. The relation of neonatal cranial ultrasound abnormalities to motor performance and general cognitive ability at ages 2, 6, and 9 years was examined in a prospectively followed regional cohort of LBW children, excluding those with major disability, and controlling for other risk factors. Compared with children without ultrasound abnormalities, children with abnormalities indicative of ischemic white-matter injury had poorer motor performance at all three ages and, at age 2, lower general cognitive ability. The latter finding was not seen when motor performance was also controlled for. It was concluded that in LBW children without major motor or cognitive disability, ischemic white-matter injury indicated by neonatal cranial ultrasound abnormalities adversely affected motor performance at ages 2, 6, and 9 years, but not general cognitive ability.Improved survival of infants born at low birthweight (LBW, < 2000 g) has shifted the focus of pediatric concern from mortality to long-term morbidity (McCormick 1989(McCormick , 1992. Several geographically based population studies support the conclusion that LBW children who have access to neonatal intensive care units at birth are at excess risk for major childhood disability (Drillien et al. 1980, Klein et al. 1985, Saigal et al. 1990, Veen et al. 1991, Scottish Low Birthweight Study Group 1992a. By 2 years of age, nearly 8% are found to have disabling cerebral palsy (CP) (Escobar et al. 1991, Pinto-Martin et al. 1995, and by school age, 5% have severe (moderate to profound) mental retardation* (Aylward et al. 1989, Whitaker et al. 1996. Accumulating studies also suggest that while LBW and very low-birthweight (VLBW) children who escape major disability seem similar to children of normal birthweight on tests of general cognitive ability, they are less motorically competent (Ornstein 1991, Scottish Low Birthweight Study Group 1992b. Other studies also indicate that within samples of LBW children without disabilities, both motor and cognitive abilities covary with birthweight (Scottish Low Birthweight Study Group 1992, Breslau 1994.Since the introduction of neonatal cranial ultrasound in the early 1980s, the relation of perinatal brain injury, particularly white-matter injury, to major disability in LBW children has been demonstrated in both hospital-based (Kitchen et al.1980, Low et al. 1986, Sostek et al. 1987, Bozynski et al. 1988, Lewis and Bendersky 1989, Stewart et al. 1989, Bennett et al. 1990, Whitaker et al. 1990) and population-based studies (Campbell 1993, Pinto-Martin et al. 1995, Whitaker et al. 1996. However, the relation of perinatal brain injury, as detected by ultrasound, to more subtle problems in motor performance and general cognitive ability in LBW children without disabilities has been studied to date in small hospital-based studies only...

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A Gradient Relationship Between Low Birth Weight and IQ at Age 6 Years

Cited by 126 publications

References 25 publications

The Effects of Poverty on Child Health and Development

The Effects of Poverty on Child Health and Development

A Twin Study of Cognitive Costs of Low Birth Weight and Catch-up Growth

Relation of cranial ultrasound abnormalities in low‐birthweight infants to motor or cognitive performance at ages 2, 6, and 9 years

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