A Golgi study of the short-axon interneurons of the cell layer and inner plexiform layer of the medial cortex of the lizardPodarcis hispanica

Iglesia, José Antonio Luis de la; López‐García, Carlos

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970908)385:4<565::aid-cne5>3.0.co;2-1

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…"Typical" pyramidal neurons have a main apical dendritic shaft directed toward the pial surface of the neocortex. "Pyramidal-like" neurons show most features of a pyramidal shape (Gloor, 1997;Luis de la Iglesia and Lopez-Garcia, 1997) although they can have an apical dendrite branching close to the cell body and with different orientation in the neuropil (Vásquez et al, 2018). For example, the pyramidal-like neurons in the human cortical nucleus of the amygdaloid complex (posterior part, PCo) have a triangular cell body, two basal dendrites of a similar thickness, and one main thick dendrite emerging at the apex of the soma.…”

Section: The Morphological Heterogeneity Of Pyramidal Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Subcortical-Allocortical- Neocortical continuum for the Emergence and Morphological Heterogeneity of Pyramidal Neurons in the Human Brain

Rasia‐Filho

Guerra

Vásquez

et al. 2021

Front. Synaptic Neurosci.

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Human cortical and subcortical areas integrate emotion, memory, and cognition when interpreting various environmental stimuli for the elaboration of complex, evolved social behaviors. Pyramidal neurons occur in developed phylogenetic areas advancing along with the allocortex to represent 70–85% of the neocortical gray matter. Here, we illustrate and discuss morphological features of heterogeneous spiny pyramidal neurons emerging from specific amygdaloid nuclei, in CA3 and CA1 hippocampal regions, and in neocortical layers II/III and V of the anterolateral temporal lobe in humans. Three-dimensional images of Golgi-impregnated neurons were obtained using an algorithm for the visualization of the cell body, dendritic length, branching pattern, and pleomorphic dendritic spines, which are specialized plastic postsynaptic units for most excitatory inputs. We demonstrate the emergence and development of human pyramidal neurons in the cortical and basomedial (but not the medial, MeA) nuclei of the amygdala with cells showing a triangular cell body shape, basal branched dendrites, and a short apical shaft with proximal ramifications as “pyramidal-like” neurons. Basomedial neurons also have a long and distally ramified apical dendrite not oriented to the pial surface. These neurons are at the beginning of the allocortex and the limbic lobe. “Pyramidal-like” to “classic” pyramidal neurons with laminar organization advance from the CA3 to the CA1 hippocampal regions. These cells have basal and apical dendrites with specific receptive synaptic domains and several spines. Neocortical pyramidal neurons in layers II/III and V display heterogeneous dendritic branching patterns adapted to the space available and the afferent inputs of each brain area. Dendritic spines vary in their distribution, density, shapes, and sizes (classified as stubby/wide, thin, mushroom-like, ramified, transitional forms, “atypical” or complex forms, such as thorny excrescences in the MeA and CA3 hippocampal region). Spines were found isolated or intermingled, with evident particularities (e.g., an extraordinary density in long, deep CA1 pyramidal neurons), and some showing a spinule. We describe spiny pyramidal neurons considerably improving the connectional and processing complexity of the brain circuits. On the other hand, these cells have some vulnerabilities, as found in neurodegenerative Alzheimer’s disease and in temporal lobe epilepsy.

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Section: The Morphological Heterogeneity Of Pyramidal Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Subcortical-Allocortical- Neocortical continuum for the Emergence and Morphological Heterogeneity of Pyramidal Neurons in the Human Brain

Rasia‐Filho

Guerra

Vásquez

et al. 2021

Front. Synaptic Neurosci.

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“…1D) have shown that the principal neurones are long axon projection neurones with spiny bipyramidal and ''double bouquet'' bitufted dendritic trees (De la Iglesia and Lopez-Garcia 1997a). On the other hand, interneurons located in the plexiform layers are short axon neurones with non-spiny or sparsely spiny dendrites displaying diverse morphologies , (De la Iglesia and Lopez-Garcia 1997b, Bernabeu et al 1994. Most local interneurons are GABA-immunoreactive (Lopez-Garcia et al 1988 a, Schwerdtfeger and and display either parvalbumin (Fig.…”

Section: The Cerebral Cortex Of Reptilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The lizard cerebral cortex as a model to study neuronal regeneration

López‐García

Molowny

Nácher

et al. 2002

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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The medial cerebral cortex of lizards, an area homologous to the hippocampal fascia dentata, shows delayed postnatal neurogenesis, i.e., cells in the medial cortex ependyma proliferate and give rise to immature neurons, which migrate to the cell layer. There, recruited neurons differentiate and give rise to zinc containing axons directed to the rest of cortical areas, thus resulting in a continuous growth of the medial cortex and its zincenriched axonal projection. This happens along the lizard life span, even in adult lizards, thus allowing one of their most important characteristics: neuronal regeneration. Experiments in our laboratory have shown that chemical lesion of the medial cortex (affecting up to 95% of its neurons) results in a cascade of events: first, massive neuronal death and axonal-dendritic retraction and, secondly, triggered ependymal-neuroblast proliferation and subsequent neo-histogenesis and regeneration of an almost new medial cortex, indistinguishable from a normal undamaged one. This is the only case to our knowledge of the regeneration of an amniote central nervous centre by new neuron production and neo-histogenesis. Thus the lizard cerebral cortex is a good model to study neuronal regeneration and the complex factors that regulate its neurogenetic, migratory and neo-synaptogenetic events.

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“…Nevertheless, that nomenclature appears somewhat confusing, because we have found in Podarcis some short-axon interneurons displaying pyramidal-like shaped cell bodies (Luis de la Iglesia and Lopez- Garcia, 1997).…”

Section: Heterogeneity Of the Lizard Medial Cortex Projection Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The plexiform layers are made up of the principal cell dendrites intermingled with the incoming axons, the radial glial scaffold, and a reduced population of isolated cells, including solitary neurons, and microglia-like cells. Short-axon neurons of the medial cortex plexiform layers, although scarce, are very heterogeneous; up to five intrinsic neuronal types have been identified in the outer plexiform layer of this lizard species (Luis de la , and up to 19 types of presumably interneurons may be distinguished in the inner plexiform layer of the same species (Luis de la Iglesia, 1995; Luis de la Iglesia and Lopez- Garcia, 1997). Most of these interneurons are g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactive (Schwerdtfeger and Lopez-Garcia, 1986;Schwerdtfeger and Lorente, 1988a,b), and also display diverse neuropeptide immunoreactivity (Martínez-Guijarro et al, 1993), calcium binding protein immunoreactivity (Martínez-Guijarro et al, 1991b, 1993Martínez-Guijarro and Freund, 1992a), and even nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH diaphorase) activity (Regidor and Poch, 1988;Dá vila et al, 1995).…”

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confidence: 99%

A Golgi study of the principal projection neurons of the medial cortex of the lizardPodarcis hispanica

Iglesia

López‐García

1997

J. Comp. Neurol.

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The medial cortex of lizards is a simple three-layered brain region displaying many characteristics that parallel the hippocampal fascia dentata of mammals. Its principal neurons form a morphologically diverse population, partly as a result of the prominent continuous growth of this nervous center. By using the classic Golgi impregnation method, we describe here the morphology of the principal neurons populating the medial cortex of Podarcis hispanica. These were projection neurons giving off descending axons. These axons displayed deep collateral branches provided with prominent axonal boutons, while the main axonal branch reached adjacent cortical areas and the bilateral septum. According to three main classification criteria, dendritic tree pattern, dendritic spine covering, and soma size, we have distinguished eight different types of projection neurons. Five of them, "heavily spiny granular" (monotufted, medium-sized), "heavily spiny bitufted" (large), "spiny bitufted" (medium-sized), "sparsely spiny bitufted" (small), and "superficial multipolar" (small), were found in the cell layer, whereas the three others lay outside this layer and were regarded as ectopic types ("outer plexiform ectopic bitufted," "inner plexiform ectopic bitufted", and "inner plexiform monotufted"). Additional secondary criteria, soma position and shape, allowed us to further classify bitufted neurons into three distinct subtypes each: "superficial-round," "intermediate-fusiform," and "deep-pyramidal." Moreover, a variety of small impregnated cells were observed; they probably represented newly generated immature neurons that had not yet completed their development. These cell types were compared with those reported previously in Golgi, immunocytochemical, and electron-microscopy studies, both in the reptilian medial cortex and in the mammalian dentate area. Presumably age-related changes and synaptic relationships of these projection cells in the medial cortex circuitry were analyzed.

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A Golgi study of the short-axon interneurons of the cell layer and inner plexiform layer of the medial cortex of the lizardPodarcis hispanica

Cited by 14 publications

References 69 publications

The Subcortical-Allocortical- Neocortical continuum for the Emergence and Morphological Heterogeneity of Pyramidal Neurons in the Human Brain

The Subcortical-Allocortical- Neocortical continuum for the Emergence and Morphological Heterogeneity of Pyramidal Neurons in the Human Brain

The lizard cerebral cortex as a model to study neuronal regeneration

A Golgi study of the principal projection neurons of the medial cortex of the lizardPodarcis hispanica

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