A Global Perspective on the Epidemiology of West Nile Virus

Kramer, Laura D.; Styer, Linda M.; Ebel, Gregory D.

doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093258

Cited by 458 publications

(394 citation statements)

References 150 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…This time-lag results from a 7-14-day delay for symptoms to appear and a several day WNV extrinsic incubation period in the mosquito. 53,54 With the exceptions of weeks June 16, July 7, July 28, and September 8, human risk of being bitten by infected Cx. tarsalis during the weeks of June 30 through September 8 was greater than being bitten by other vector species, including Ae.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arboviruses in North Dakota, 2003–2006

Anderson¹,

Main²,

Armstrong³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. To investigate arbovirus transmission in North Dakota, we collected and screened mosquitoes for viral infection by Vero cell culture assay. Seven viruses were isolated from 13 mosquito species. Spatial and temporal distributions of the important vectors of West Nile virus (WNV), Cache Valley virus, Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), and trivittatus virus are reported. Snowshoe hare virus, Potosi virus, and western equine encephalomyelitis virus were also isolated. The risks of Culex tarsalis and Aedes vexans transmitting WNV to humans were 61.4% and 34.0% in 2003-2006, respectively, but in 2003 when the largest epidemic was reported, risks for Ae. vexans and Cx. tarsalis in Cass County were 73.6% and 23.9%, respectively. Risk of humans acquiring an infectious bite was greatest from about the second week of July through most of August. West Nile virus sequences were of the WN02 genotype. Most JCV strains belonged to a single clade of genetically related strains. Cache Valley virus and JCV were prevalent during August and early September and during July and August, respectively.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arboviruses in North Dakota, 2003–2006

Anderson¹,

Main²,

Armstrong³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Uma característica importante para o suspeita da doença é a sua ocorrência epidêmica nas épocas de ocorrência dos vetores mosquitos dos gêne-ros Culex e Aedes, diferentemente do que ocorre nas outras doenças encontradas neste estudo, que são doenças endêmicas. Embora diversos surtos de EEE em humanos sejam descritos nos Estados Unidos (Del Piero et al 2001), no Brasil há descrição de apenas um caso (Figueiredo 2007 (Kramer et al 2008). Em 2006 foi diagnosticada na Argentina causando mortes em equinos (Rocha 2006).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Doenças do sistema nervoso central de equídeos no semi-árido

Pimentel¹,

Oliveira²,

Galiza³

et al. 2009

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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As doenças do sistema nervoso central (SNC) de equídeos representam uma parcela importante das enfermidades diagnosticadas nestas espécies. O estudo destas e de outras enfermidades nas diferentes regiões do país é necessária para estabelecer formas eficientes de controle e profilaxia. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo descrever as características clínicas, epidemiológicas e patológicas das doenças do SNC de equídeos diagnosticadas no Laboratório de Patologia da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, em Patos, Paraíba, que ocorreram entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2008. No período estudado, 159 casos ou surtos de doenças de equídeos foram diagnosticados. Destes, 49 (30,8%) afetaram o SNC. A encefalopatia hepática na intoxicação por Crotalaria retusa foi a principal enfermidade com 14 casos (28,5%), seguida por tétano com 13 (26,5%) casos e raiva com 11 (22,,4%) casos. Sete (14,2%) casos foram de traumatismos afetando o SNC. Foram, também, diagnosticados 1 caso de leucoencefalomalacia, 1 de encefalite por herpesvírus eqüino-1, 1 de injeção acidental na artéria carótida, 1 surto de encefalomielite viral equina tipo leste, 1 surto de intoxicação por Turbina cordata e 1 surto de doença tremogênica de causa desconhecida. Cinco casos tiveram diagnóstico inconclusivo. Este trabalho comprova a importância do funcionamento de laboratórios de diagnóstico, nas diferentes regiões do país, para o conhecimento das doenças do rebanho e para a vigilância epidemiológica das mesmas.

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“…One strategy is the blocking of the virus entry utilizing antibodies directed against the E protein, subsequently inhibiting receptor binding and thus preventing the internalization of the virion into the host cell. 59,60 Other treatments could be the inhibition of RdRp within NS5 and of the helicase activity of NS3, both approaches should prevent the synthesis of viral RNA. 59 As previously mentioned, the host protease furin plays a major role in virion maturation.…”

Section: Antiviral Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Characterization of New Peptidomimetic Inhibitors of the West Nile Virus NS2B–NS3 Protease

et al. 2013

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A series of new substrate analogue inhibitors of the WNV NS2B–NS3 protease containing decarboxylated arginine mimetics at the P1 position was developed. Among the various analogues, trans‐(4‐guanidino)cyclohexylmethylamide (GCMA) was identified as the most suitable P1 residue. In combination with dichloro‐substituted phenylacetyl groups at the P4 position, three inhibitors with inhibition constants of <0.2 μM were obtained. These GCMA inhibitors have a better selectivity profile than the previously described agmatine analogues, and possess negligible affinity for the trypsin‐like serine proteases thrombin, factor Xa, and matriptase. A crystal structure in complex with the WNV protease was determined for one of the most potent inhibitors, 3,4‐dichlorophenylacetyl‐Lys‐Lys‐GCMA (Ki=0.13 μM). The inhibitor adopts a horseshoe‐like conformation, most likely due to a hydrophobic contact between the P4 phenyl ring and the P1 cyclohexyl group, which is further stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the P1 guanidino group and the P4 carbonyl oxygen atom. These inhibitors are stable, readily accessible, and have a noncovalent binding mode. Therefore, they may serve as suitable lead structures for further development.

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A Global Perspective on the Epidemiology of West Nile Virus

Cited by 458 publications

References 150 publications

Arboviruses in North Dakota, 2003–2006

Arboviruses in North Dakota, 2003–2006

Doenças do sistema nervoso central de equídeos no semi-árido

Development and Characterization of New Peptidomimetic Inhibitors of the West Nile Virus NS2B–NS3 Protease

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